Chemical empty body composition estimation of Nellore and Caracu bulls using the chemical and physical compositions of the 9th-10th-11th rib cut

Foram desenvolvidas equações para estimar a composição química corporal de bovinos de três grupos genéticos (Caracu, CaS; Nelore seleção, NeS; e Nelore controle, NeC) a partir das composições química e física do corte da 9ª-10ª-11ª costelas. Utilizaram-se 56 machos não-castrados (20 CaS, 20 NeS e 16 NeC) abatidos aos 20-24 meses de idade. A composição química em água, proteína, extrato etéreo e minerais foi determinada no corte das costelas e em amostras obtidas após moagem completa e homogeneização de todos os tecidos corporais, separados em sangue, couro, cabeça + patas, vísceras e carcaça. Os componentes físicos músculo, gordura e ossos foram também separados no corte das costelas. As melhores estimativas dos componentes do corpo vazio foram obtidas utilizando-se como estimadores os mesmos componentes no corte das costelas. A utilização dos totais de água e extrato etéreo do corte das costelas permitiu estimar com precisão os totais de água, extrato etéreo e proteína no corpo vazio dos animais. O uso das quantidades de músculo e gordura no corte das costelas possibilitou estimar com eficiência os totais de água, extrato etéreo e proteína no corpo vazio. Para estimação do total de cinzas do corpo vazio, foram encontradas três equações múltiplas (uma para cada grupo genético) com coeficientes de determinação satisfatórios. Essas equações incluíram como estimadores as quantidades de músculo e gordura nas costelas. As composições química e física do corte das costelas possibilitam estimar satisfatoriamente os componentes químicos do corpo vazio dos animais. Equações descritas na literatura permitem estimar com precisão os teores de extrato etéreo e água no corpo vazio dos animais deste estudo.Linear regressions were developed to estimate the chemical empty body composition of cattle from three genetic groups (Caracu, CaS; Selected Nellore, NeS; and Control Nellore, NeC) using the physical and chemical compositions of the 9th-10th-11th rib section. Fifty six intact males (20 CaS, 20 NeS and 16 NeC) were slaughtered at 20-24 months of age. The content of water, protein, ether extract and ashes were determined in rib section and on samples obtained after grinding and homogenization of all body tissues (blood, hide, head + feet, viscera and carcass). The physical components muscle, fat and bones were also determined in the rib section. The best estimates of empty body components were obtained using the same estimator components as in rib section. The amounts of water and ether extract of the rib section accurately allowed to estimate the total water, ether extract and protein in the empty body of animals. The amounts of muscle and fat in the rib section allowed estimating with efficiency the total of water, ether extract and protein in the empty body of animals. To estimate the empty body total ashes three multiple equations were developed (one for each genetic group) with satisfactory coefficients of determination. These equations included as estimators the amounts of muscle and fat in the rib section. The physical and chemical compositions of the rib section can satisfactorily estimate the chemical components of the empty body of animals. Equations described in the literature can estimate with precision the amounts of ether extract and water in the body empty of animals of this study

Parameter-varying modelling and fault reconstruction for wind turbine systems

In this paper, parameter-varying technique is firstly addressed for modelling a 4.8 MW wind turbine system which is nonlinear in essence. It is worthy to point out that the proposed parameter-varying model is capable of describing a nonlinear real-time process by using real-time system parameter updating. Secondly, fault reconstruction approach is proposed to reconstruct system component fault and actuator fault by utilizing augmented adaptive observer technique with parameter-varying. Different from the offline tuning adaptive scheme, the proposed adaptive observer includes adaptive tuning ability to online adjust the observer based on varying parameter. The effectiveness of the proposed parameter-varying modelling and fault reconstruction methods is demonstrated by using a widely-recognized 4.8 MW wind turbine benchmark system

Carcass characteristics and meat quality evaluation and body composition prediction of beef cattle genetic groups selected for post weaning weight

A produção animal com foco nas características qualitativas da carcaça e na composição do corpo vazio de bovinos nortearam as discussões do capítulo 1o desta tese. No segundo capítulo, dados de nove estudos foram compilados para avaliar os efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame nas características de carcaça e qualidade de carne em rebanhos experimentais Nelore Controle (NeC), Nelore Seleção (NeS), Caracu (CaS), Guzerá (GuS) e Gir (GiS). Estes estudos foram conduzidos com animais do programa de melhoramento genético da Estação Experimental de Sertãozinho. Após a prova de ganho de peso, machos (n=490) de progênies nascidas entre 1992 e 2000 foram abatidos para avaliação das características de carcaça e de qualidade de carne. Foi conduzida uma meta-análise com modelo de coeficientes aleatórios; neste rebanho foi considerado efeito fixo e tratamentos dentro de ano e ano (progênie) efeitos aleatórios. Tanto o grau de maturidade calculado como o peso vivo inicial foram usados como covariáveis. As carcaças de CaS e NeS foram mais pesadas que as carcaças de NeC e GiS; as carcaças de GuS apresentaram pesos intermediários. Animais CaS apresentaram o menor valor de força de cisalhamento, comparados aos NeS, NeC, GuS e GiS. A seleção para peso pós-demame aumentou o tamanho corporal, o peso da carcaça e os pesos dos cortes cárneos comerciais sem alterar o rendimento de carcaça e o conteúdo de gordura corporal. No capítulo 3o, equações de regressão linear para estimar a composição química corporal de bovinos CaS, NeS e NeC foram desenvolvidas a partir das composições química e física do corte das 9a -10a -11a costelas. Foram utilizados 56 machos não castrados, sendo 20 animais Ca, 20 NeS e 16 NeC, com 20 a 24 meses de idade ao abate. A composição química dividida em água, proteína, extrato etéreo e minerais foi determinada no corte das costelas e em amostras obtidas após moagem completa e homogeneização de todos os tecidos corporais, separados em: sangue, couro, cabeça + patas, vísceras e carcaça. Os componentes físicos músculo, gordura e ossos foram também determinados no corte das costelas. Os totais de água e extrato etéreo do corte das 9a -10a -11a costelas estimaram, com boa precisão, os totais de água, extrato etéreo e proteína no corpo vazio dos animais. As quantidades de músculo e gordura no corte das costelas foram eficientes para estimar os totais de água, extrato etéreo e proteína no corpo vazio. As composições química e física do corte das costelas pertimitiram estimar com precisão os componentes químicos do corpo vazio dos animais. Equações retiradas da literatura permitiram estimar, com precisão, os teores de extrato etéreo e água no corpo vazio dos animais deste estudo.Animal production, specially beef cattle carcass characteristics and empty body composition were discussed in the first chapter. On the second chapter data from nine studies were compiled to evaluate the effects of selection for post-weaning weight on carcass characteristics and meat quality in experimental herds of control Nellore (NeC) and selected Nellore (NeS), Caracu (CaS), Guzerah (GuS) and Gir (GiS) breeds. These studies were conducted with animals from a genetic selection program at the Experimental Station of Sertãozinho. After the performance test, bulls (n = 490) from the progeny groups born between 1992 and 2000 were finished and slaughtered to evaluate carcass traits and meat quality. A meta-analysis was conducted with a random coefficients model in which herd was considered a fixed effect and treatments within year and year as random effects. Either calculated maturity degree or initial body weight were interchangeably used as covariates. The CaS and NeS had heavier carcasses than NeC and GiS; GuS were intermediate. CaS had the lowest shear force values compared to NeS, NeC, GuS and GiS. Selection for post weaning weight increased body size, carcass weight, and meat retail weights in Nellore without altering dressing percentage and body fat content. On the third chapter linear regression equations to estimate the empty body chemical composition of CaS, NeS and NeC bulls were established from chemical and physical composition of 9th-10th-11th rib cut. Fifty six intact males, being 20 Ca, 20 NeS and 16 NeC, from 20 to 24 months of age at slaughter were utilized. The content of water, protein, ether extract and ash were determined on the rib cut and on samples obtained after grinding and homogenizing the entire tissue, separated in: blood, hide, head + feet, viscera and carcass. The physical components muscle, fat and bones were also determined on the rib cut. Total of water and ether extract in the 9th-10th-11th rib cut estimated with great precision the total of water, ether extract and protein on animals\' empty body. The ribs muscle and fat quantities were good estimators of water, ether extract and protein total on empty body. The chemical and physical compositions of the rib cut estimated with precision the animals\' empty body components. Equations from literature estimated with precision the ether extract and water percentages of this study animals

Effects of selection for post-weaning weights on carcass traits, meat cut yelds and body composition of nellore and caracu bulls, in restrict and ad libitum feeding.

Cinqüenta e seis machos inteiros provenientes dos rebanhos do projeto de melhoramento genético da Estação Experimental de Sertãozinho, selecionados ou não para peso aos 378 dias (P 378), nascidos em 1999, foram confinados na Estação Experimental de Colina. Utilizaram-se animais dos grupos genéticos Nelore Seleção (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu Seleção (Ca), os quais foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, nas três categorias experimentais: grupo de abate inicial (AI), grupo de alimentação restrita (AR) e grupo de alimentação Ad Libitum (AL). Na categoria AI alocaram-se 4 animais por grupo genético e nas categorias AR e AL foram alocados 8 animais Ca e NeS, e 6 animais NeC. Determinou-se o período experimental pelo tempo de acabamento dos animais, ou seja, quando os garrotes atingiram, no mínimo, 4,0 mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, avaliada por ultra-som, sobre o músculo Longissimus dorsi, na posição entre a 12 a e a 13 a costelas. Ao término do período de adaptação, a categoria AI foi abatida e as outras duas (AR e AL) entraram no ensaio de alimentação. Repetiram-se as pesagens e medidas de ultra-som e escore corporal a cada 28 dias. Em cada grupo genético, à medida que o acabamento preconizado para cada animal da categoria AL foi atingido, o animal da categoria AR mais semelhante àquele quanto ao peso e condição corporal, no início do experimento, foi também abatido. Avaliaram-se em todos os animais características de carcaça, composição corporal e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com esquema fatorial, utilizando dois tipos de alimentação e três grupos genéticos. Os animais Ca e NeS apresentaram maiores pesos de abate, requerendo mais tempo de confinamento para atingirem o ponto de acabamento preconizado. O maior peso de abate destes animais também influenciou outras características correlacionadas, como peso da carcaça, traseiro, dianteiro e ponta de agulha. Verificou-se que a seleção para peso pós-desmame aumentou o peso de abate, de carcaça e de seus cortes primários, porém os animais selecionados apresentaram carne menos macia, mas ainda dentro dos padrões de maciez considerados bons. Os valores médios para os componentes químicos do corpo vazio em porcentagem de água, gordura, proteína e cinzas foram: Ca (60,4; 15,5; 19,7; 4,4), NeS (58,2; 19,4; 17,8; 4,6) e NeC (57,4; 20,2; 18,3; 4,1). As taxas médias de ganho de peso vazio (kg/dia), água (g/dia), gordura (g/dia), proteína (g/dia), cinzas (g/dia) e energia (Mcal/dia) foram: Ca (1,01; 409; 382; 150; 70; 4,45), NeS (1,00; 355; 482; 113; 46; 5,19) e NeC (0,91; 301; 457; 103; 52; 4,91). A composição química média do ganho do corpo vazio, em porcentagem de água, gordura, proteína, cinzas e energia (Mcal/dia) foi: Ca (40,1; 36,8; 15,2; 8,0; 4,32), NeS (35,8; 48,1; 11,3; 4,8; 5,19) e NeC (32,7; 49,5; 12,0; 5,8; 5,36). A seleção para peso pós-desmame, visualizada na comparação entre os grupos Nelore, não promoveu alterações indiretas na composição corporal desses animais, porém aumentou-lhes o tamanho corporal, exigindo maior tempo de confinamento. Os animais Ca, quando comparados aos Nelore apresentaram porcentagens menores de gordura e maiores de proteína no corpo vazio, fato que pode ser explicado pelo maior tamanho corporal desses animais.Fifty six bulls, born in 1999, from Sertãozinho Experimental Station herds, selected or not for weight at 378 days of age (W 378), were feedlot at Colina Experimental Station. Animals of the genetic groups Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) were utilized. They were randomnly distributed in three experimental groups: initial slaughter group (AI), restricted feeding group (AR) and Ad Libitum feeding group (AL). The AI class had 4 animals for each genetic group and AR and AL had 8 NeS and Ca, and 6 animals NeC. Animals were slaughtered with 4.0 mm of fat thickness measured by ultrasound. After the adaptation period, the AI class was slaughtered and the other classes (AR and AL) started the feedlot period. In each genetic group, when an animal of the AL class attained the desired ultrasonic fat thickness for slaughter, the animal of AR class with similar weight and body conditions score, at the experiment starting point, was also slaughtered. In all animals carcass traits, body composition and meat cuts income were evaluated. Data were analized according to factorial scheme including two type of diets and three genetic groups. The Ca and NeS bulls were heavier at slaughter requiring longer feeding period to attain the desired ultrasonic fat thickness. The heavier weights at slaughter of these animals also changed correlated traits as carcass, hindquater, forequarter and spare ribs weights. The selection for weight in the Nellore promoted higher slaughter, carcass and primary cuts weights, but selected animals had less tender meat, but inside good tender standards. Average values for chemical components of empty body weight, in percentages of water, fat, protein and ash were: Ca (60.4; 15.5; 19.7; 4.4), NeS (58.2; 19.4; 17.8; 4.6) and NeC (57.4; 20.2; 18.3; 4.1). The average rates of empty gain for body weight (kg/day), water (g/day), fat (g/day), protein (g/day), ash (g/day) and energy (Mcal/day) were: Ca (1.01; 409; 382; 150; 70; 4,45), NeS (1.00; 355; 482; 113; 46; 5,19) and NeC (0.91; 301; 457; 103; 52; 4,91). The average rates of empty body gain chemical composition, in percentages of water, fat, protein, ash and energy (Mcal/day) were: Ca (40.1; 36.8; 15.2; 8.0; 4.32), NeS (35.8; 48.1; 11.3; 4.8; 5.19) and NeC (32.7; 49.5; 12.0; 5.8; 5.36). The selection for post-weaning weights, observed by comparing the two Nellore groups, did not promote any change on body composition of these animals, but increased their body size, so they required longer feedlot period. The animals of genetic group Ca, when compared with Nellore, had less fat and more protein, in percentages of empty body. It is due to their larger mature body size

Body chemical composition, tissue deposition rates and gain composition of young Nellore cattle selected for postweaning weight

Empty body and carcass chemical composition were determined in 67 Nellore bulls from Selection Nellore (NeS) and Control Nellore (NeC) herds of an animal breeding program for growth, slaughtered at 570 days of average age, after 100 days of feedlot. Selection Nellore animals had, respectively, 360 and 430 kg of initial and slaughter body weight, and NeC animals had 318 and 373 kg for the same traits. Animals were slaughtered and empty body composition was determined by chemical analysis of the components blood, hide, head and feet, viscera and carcass. Tissue deposition rates and gain chemical composition were also determined based on gains estimated by comparative slaughter technique. Significant differences were detected between NeS and NeC animals for slaughter body weight, empty body weight, empty body gain rate, and contents of water, protein, ash and retained energy in empty body, showing that selected animals had greater body sizes and growth rates. There were no significant differences in fat contents in empty body and carcass, suggesting that selected animals had higher growth rates as compared with the control, and were slaughtered with good body and carcass fat contents in the same feedlot time. Control Nellore animals showed a 10% higher gain in fat percentage than NeS in the period. This shows that the growth of bone and muscle ceased earlier and NeC group accumulated more fat. Animals selected for growth have heavier carcasses and greater tissue deposition rates with proportional composition similar to unselected animals

Relationships among chemical compositions of 9-10-11th ribs, carcass and empty body of young Nellore bulls

The direct determination of carcass and empty body composition as experimental routine, despite being the most accurate method, is time consuming, laborious and expensive. Therefore, indirect methods have been developed to estimate on quick, simple, economical and reliable ways for the compositions of carcass and empty body of beef cattle. This study aimed to obtain the correlations among the compositions of 9-10-11th ribs, carcass and empty body for protein, fat, ashes and water contents, expressed in percentage and kilograms, in young Nellore bulls. Sixty-seven non-castrated Nellore bulls were randomly selected for confining period in two consecutive years (2008 and 2009) and were confined in individual pens for approximately 100 days, until they reached a subcutaneous fat thickness of 4 mm over the Longissimus muscle. They were slaughtered at an average age of 540 days and body weight of 398 kg. Chemical analysis of the 9-10-11th ribs, carcass and empty body were carried for protein, fat, ashes and water. The 9-10-11th ribs cut was obtained according to Hankins and Howe (1946). Carcass composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, analyzing and combining edible portions and bones. Empty body composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, analyzing, and combining blood, hide, head + feet, viscera, and carcass. The correlation coefficients were calculated between ribs and carcass, and between ribs and empty body for the contents expressed in percentage and kilograms. The correlations obtained between composition of 9-10-11th ribs and carcass were 0.68; 0.62; 0.05; and 0.79, respectively, for percentages of protein, fat, ashes and water. For the same tissues, expressed in kilograms, the correlations obtained were 0.66; 0.73; 0.49; and 0.79, respectively, for contents of protein, fat, ashes and water. For the relationships between composition of the 9-10-11th ribs and empty body, the correlation coefficients found were 0.77; 0.64; 0.13; and 0.64, respectively, for percentages of protein, fat, ashes and water. In addition, the correlations obtained for the same tissues, expressed in kilograms, were 0.59, 0.71, 0.48 and 0.77, respectively, for contents of protein, fat, ashes and water. The correlation coefficients found for protein, fat and water between ribs and carcass and between ribs and empty body were positive and high, indicating a good association among these traits. For ashes, the correlation coefficients detected were medium to low, being better when the contents were expressed in kilograms. Highly significant correlation coefficients, above 0.70, were detected between ribs and carcass fat and water, and ribs and empty body fat and water, expressed in kilograms. The use of the 9-10-11th ribs composition for estimating the carcass and empty body compositions is effective, allowing an accurate estimation mainly for fat and water contents. </span

Relações entre as composições químicas das 9-10-11a costelas com a carcaça e o corpo vazio de tourinhos Nelore

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