499 research outputs found

    Online optical monitoring of polymer melting in a twin-screw extruder

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    An experimental setup containing a sliding online optical device is used to monitor in real‐time the melting process of a commercial polypropylene in a corotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. Turbidity and birefringence are measured at several axial locations upstream and along the first restrictive zone of the screw, where melting develops. The experiments are performed using different set barrel temperatures, extruder feed rates, and screw speeds, to generate distinct flow histories and, accordingly, changes in the onset and rate of melting of the polymer. The local flow conditions are characterized in terms of residence time distribution and data equivalent to axial pressure profiles. Turbidity and birefringence are sensitive to changes in the operating conditions providing a coherent description of melting. The onset of melting seems to take place in partially filled conveying elements, and then melting develops quickly as the latter become fully filled, and is completed well before flow through the kneading blockCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, PDSE 88881.132167/2016- 01 scholarship to L.A. Bicalho, grant PVE 30484/2013-01 to J.A. Covas and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a PQ scholarship 311790/2013-5 to S.V. Canevarolo, and the Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPG-CEM) of UFSCar

    O Boto-cinza (sotalia Guianensis) no Estuário dos Rios Piraquê-açu e Piraquê-mirim, Sudeste do Brasil: Ocorrência, Uso do Habitat, Padrão Comportamental e Percepção da Comunidade Tradicional Vitória

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    O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) é um pequeno cetáceo, com distribuição ampla e endêmica ao Oceano Atlântico tropical e subtropical, sendo facilmente observado nas regiões costeiras e estuarinas. As informações relacionadas a essa espécie em águas brasileiras são escassas e pontuais, assim, o objetivo deste estudo é conhecer a ecologia do boto-cinza no estuário dos rios Piraquê-Açu e Piraquê-Mirim, Aracruz, ES. No Brasil, a espécie encontra-se em situação de vulnerabilidade quanto à conservação de suas populações. O monitoramento do estuário para avaliação da presença do boto-cinza foi realizado por meio de duas metodologias: ponto fixo e embarcado. O monitoramento por ponto fixo foi realizado semanalmente em dois pontos de amostragem, com duração de cinco horas diárias por ponto, entre abril de 2016 e maio de 2017. O monitoramento embarcado foi realizado mensalmente em seis pontos de amostragem, com duração de cinco horas por saída, entre os meses julho de 2016 e julho de 2017. Os parâmetros ambientais avaliados foram o potencial hidrogeniônico, a temperatura superficial da água, o oxigênio dissolvido, a salinidade, a turbidez, a velocidade dos ventos, a precipitação, o nível e o tipo de marés em todos os pontos do monitoramento por ponto fixo e do monitoramento embarcado. As entrevistas etnográficas foram realizadas com 30 pescadores artesanais que atuam no litoral norte do Espírito Santo e com 30 catadores de caranguejo que atuam na região de Aracruz. A ocorrência do boto cinza foi verificada no estuário e apresentou uma variação sazonal, com maior presença da espécie na primavera e verão. A entrada no estuário foi favorecida pela maré enchente e o uso preferencial do habitat foi para deslocamento e alimentação. Não foi verificada correlação entre os parâmetros analisados e a ocorrência da espécie no ambiente estuarino, com exceção da velocidade dos ventos. O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores artesanais e catadores de caranguejo a respeito do boto-cinza coincidem com o descrito na literatura e com o observado durante o monitoramento realizado nesta pesquisa e acrescentam importantes informações ao conhecimento científico sobre a espécie. A visão positiva a respeito do boto-cinza por parte da comunidade local representa uma importante ferramenta para propostas de gestão e conservação da espécie na região

    EXPLORANDO A POESIA E A POÉTICA NAVAJO

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    Tradução da Introdução do livro Explorations in Navajo Poetry and Poetics, de Anthony K. Webster (Albuquerque: New Mexico University Press, 2009), páginas 1 a 15. Neste estudo Webster investiga os dispositivos encontrados nas tradições poéticas escritas e orais dos Navajo. E explora aspectos da linguagem, como a mistura de códigos, trocadilhos e ideofonia, muitas vezes considerados marginais na literatura linguística, revelando como eles são centrais para o estudo da etnopoética e para uma abordagem da linguagem e da cultura centrada no discurso

    The effect of claw horn disruption lesions and body condition score at dry-off on survivability, reproductive performance, and milk production in the subsequent lactation

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    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of claw horn disruption lesions (CHDL; sole ulcers and white line disease) and body condition score (BCS) at dry-off on survivability, milk production, and reproductive performance during the subsequent lactation. An observational prospective cohort study was conducted on a large commercial dairy in Cayuga County, New York, from September 2008 until January 2009. A total of 573 cows enrolled at dry-off were scored for body condition and hoof trimmed; digits were visually inspected for the presence of CHDL. The BCS data were recategorized into a 3-level variable BCS group (BCSG), with cows with BCS \u3c3 placed in BCSG 1 (n = 113), cows with BCS = 3 placed in BCSG 2 (n = 254), and cows with BCS \u3e3 placed in BCSG 3 (n = 206). Cows in BCSG 2 were 1.35 and 1.02 times more likely to conceive than cows in BCSG 1 and 3, respectively. The cull/death hazard for BCSG 1 cows was 1.55 and 1.47 times higher than for cows in BCSG 2 and BCSG 3, respectively. Milk yield for cows in BCSG 2 (44.6 kg/d, 95% CI 43.4–45.8) was significantly greater than that for cows in BCSG 1 (41.5 kg/d, 95% CI 39.8–43.3). Cows with previous lactation days open ≤91 had 1.6 times higher odds of being classified into BCSG 1 at dry-off; cows with previous lactation mature-equivalent 305-d milk \u3e14,054 kg had a similar 1.6 times higher odds of being classified into BCSG 1. Claw horn disruption lesions were found in 24.4% of the cows (n = 140) at dry-off. Cows without CHDL were 1.4 times more likely to conceive than cows with CHDL. Additionally, lesion cows were 1.7 times more likely to die or be culled than nonlesion cows. Absence of CHDL did not have a significant effect on milk yield. These findings highlight the importance of claw health and BCS at the end of lactation on future survival and performance

    Farmer and scientific knowledge of soil quality: a social ecological soil systems approach.

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    This article focuses on how farmers identify and evaluate the quality of soils cultivated and how their indicators compare to those used by agricultural scientists. The aim is to bridge the gap between specific farmer knowledge and universal scientific knowledge by adopting an ecosystem framework applied to agriculture through the concept of agro-ecosystems. This approach was applied to farming in mountainous areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a global environmental hotspot that has been degraded over time. In order to reverse this trend, local actors have to build agro-ecological systems that maintain environmental quality, agronomic sustainability and socio-economic viability. For this to happen, local and scientific knowledge must be bridged and mutually adapted in order to be successful. This study therefore concentrates on processes of inter-communication between farmers and agricultural scientists concerning the role of soil quality in farming and conservation

    Método del papel de filtro para la medida de la succión del suelo

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    The capillary pressure of the soil (i.e., the pressure difference between air and water components in soil voids) is a key variable in the analysis of the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. Therefore a simple and economical laboratory method for the measurement of the capillary pressure of the soil (also known as soil matric suction, the reference being the atmospheric pressure), even if a degree of approximation is involved, is of considerable value. The filter paper method calculates soil suction indirectly by measuring the gravimetric water content of the filter paper at equilibrium that is related to soil suction through a predetermined calibration curve. The advantages of the method are simplicity, economy and reasonable accuracy. It can be used to measure suctions from 10 to 30000 kPa. In this paper, the authors use the contact filter paper method for matric suction measurements of an unsaturated compacted silty sand (formed by the weathering of granite) which has been used as a building material for a road in the north of Portugal. The matric suctions inferred from filter paper measurements depend on the calibration between the water content of the filter paper and suction. Therefore, three calibration curves proposed at the literature (Chandler et al. 1992; ASTM D 5298; and Oliveira & Marinho 2006) for the Whatman 42 filter paper are used to interpret the measured filter paper gravimetric water contents. The results of these tests are compared to other techniques (i.e., tensiometers, and the osmotic technique) used to measure or control the negative pore water pressure in the compacted soil specimens and the results obtained are reasonably accurate.La presión capilar del suelo (es decir, la diferencia de la presión entre el aire y los componentes del agua en vacíos del suelo) es una variable llave en el análisis del comportamiento hidromecánico de suelos no saturados. Un método por lo tanto simple y económico del laboratorio para la medida de la presión capilar del suelo (también conocido como la succión matrica del suelo, la referencia que es la presión atmosférica), mesmo si un grado de aproximación está implicado, es de valor considerable. El método del papel de filtro calcula la succión indirectamente utilizando curvas de calibración. Las ventajas del método son simplicidad, economía y exactitud razonable. El método del papel de filtro se puede utilizar para medir succiones a partir del 10 al 30000 kPa. En este artículo, los autores utilizan el método del papel de filtro para la medida de la succión matric de una arena limosa compactada no saturada (formada por la meteorización del granito) que se ha utilizado como material de construcción para un camino en el norte de Portugal. Las succiones matric deducidas de medidas del papel de filtro dependen de una calibración entre el humedade del papel de filtro y la succión. Por lo tanto, tres curvas de calibración propuestas en la literatura (Chandler et al. 1992; ASTM D 5298; y Oliveira & Marinho 2006) para el papel de filtro de Whatman 42 se utilizan para interpretar lãs humedades gravimétricas medidas del papel de filtro. Los resultados de los ensayos se comparan a otras técnicas (es decir, tensiómetros, y la técnica osmótica) usadas para medir o controlar la presión negativa en lãs muestras compactadas del suelo y los resultados obtenidos sea razonablemente exacto

    Real-time thermo-optical analysis of polymer samples by quantitative polarized optical microscopy

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    An experimental setup using a polarized optical microscope fitted with a detection module capable of measuring the cross-polarized transmitted light intensity and the transmitted light intensity of the polymer sample being analyzed, together with an accompanying calculation procedure, is proposed in order to characterize in real-time thermal transitions and degree of crystallinity, as well as birefringence (which is a measure of orientation) and turbidity. The experimental assessment of the technique was carried out studying commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) multifilaments with different crystallinity and stretching levels and by direct comparison with the features of conventional DSC curves obtained under similar experimental conditions. While an excellent correlation was found between the type and temperature ranges of thermal events as detected by thermal and optical techniques, the measured birefringence was shown to be sensitive to distinct filament stretching levels, but unaffected by geometrical factors. Contrarily, turbidity is influenced by the latterThe authors would like to acknowledge UNIFI, ECOFABRIL and DOW, Brazil, for donating materials, as well as Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) for scholarship to L. A. Bicalho, grant BJT 019/2012 to J. M. J. Silva, grant PVE 30484/2013-01 to J. A. Covas and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) for a PQ scholarship 311790/2013-5 to S. V. Canevarolo. The assistance of the technicians from DEMa is also gratefully acknowledged.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Efeito da calibração do papel filtro na curva de retenção de um solo arenoso siltoso compactado

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    The soil suction is a key variable in the analysis of the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. The filter paper method (FPM) calculates soil suction indirectly by measuring the gravimetric water content of the filter paper at equilibrium that is related to soil suction through a predetermined calibration curve. The matric suctions inferred from FPM depend on the calibration between the water content of the filter paper and suction. Therefore, some published calibration curves (Fawcett and Collis-George 1967; Hamblin 1981; Chandler and Gutierrez 1986; Chandler et al. 1992; ASTM D-5298 1992; and Oliveira and Marinho 2006) for the Whatman 42 filter paper are used to interpret the suction measurements of an unsaturated compacted silty sand. Experimental errors induced by using an inadequate calibration curve are discussed. The test results compared to other techniques used to measure or control suctions in the compacted soil specimens are reasonably accurate.A sucção de um solo é uma variável essencial na análise do comportamento de solos não saturados, e é necessário e importante o desenvolvimento de técnicas, diretas e indiretas, de determinação da pressão capilar de solos, que tentam aliar à simplicidade de aplicação, o que se espera ser uma precisão aceitável para os problemas reais do dia a dia da engenharia de solos. O MPF determina a sucção de forma indireta e depende da precisão em que foi determinada a curva de calibração. Várias curvas de calibração para o papel filtro Whatman 42 têm sido propostas na literatura (Fawcett and Collis-George 1967; Hamblin 1981; Chandler and Gutierrez 1986; Chandler et al. 1992; ASTM D-5298 1992; e Oliveira and Marinho 2006). Este artigo discute o uso do MPF para determinar valores de sucção de um solo arenoso siltoso compactado não saturado. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos com outras técnicas utilizadas para medir ou controlar sucções de amostras compactadas do solo arenoso siltoso e conclui-se que o MPF com adequada curva de calibração pode apresentar resultados satisfatórios.Universidade de Coimbra. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-UC)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

    Percepção ambiental em Paty do Alferes - RJ.

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    bitstream/CNPS/11844/1/bpd06_2002_paty.pd

    Sustentabilidade social em Paty do Alferes - RJ.

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    bitstream/CNPS/11846/1/bpd02_2002_paty.pd
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