Consciousness and liability of non-human intelligence

The legal liability of non-human intelligence is a complicated matter that has concerned philosophers for a long time. Nevertheless, with the current advances in research and technology, the problem grows ever closer. This paper analyzes the legal desirability of assorting legal liability to a non-human intelligence. It argues that the question of the liability of such agents is defined, primarily, through the meeting of psychosomatic conditionals. Moreover, it poses that these conditionals are, partially, determined by consciousness. It concludes that to define whether legal liability is desirable or not one must set standards for non-human consciousness and, depending on the level of consciousness of that non-human intelligence, judge if the agent should be legally liable or not

Theoretical impact of insecticide-impregnated school uniforms on dengue incidence in Thai children.

BACKGROUND: Children carry the main burden of morbidity and mortality caused by dengue. Children spend a considerable amount of their day at school; hence strategies that reduce human-mosquito contact to protect against the day-biting habits of Aedes mosquitoes at schools, such as insecticide-impregnated uniforms, could be an effective prevention strategy. METHODOLOGY: We used mathematical models to calculate the risk of dengue infection based on force of infection taking into account the estimated proportion of mosquito bites that occur in school and the proportion of school time that children wear the impregnated uniforms. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The use of insecticide-impregnated uniforms has efficacy varying from around 6% in the most pessimistic estimations, to 55% in the most optimistic scenarios simulated. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing contact between mosquito bites and human hosts via insecticide-treated uniforms during school time is theoretically effective in reducing dengue incidence and may be a valuable additional tool for dengue control in school-aged children. The efficacy of this strategy, however, is dependent on the compliance of the target population in terms of proper and consistent wearing of uniforms and, perhaps more importantly, the proportion of bites inflicted by the Aedes population during school time

Literacy from the trenches of social mobilization: Landless rural learning and the institutionalization identities

This article discusses the representations of the act of reading and writing for rural educators, who graduated from a university in Brazil, which utilizes partnership with rural organizations and landless social movements. The theoretical scope focuses on alphabetization and literacy studies, in light of Freirean perspective. The readings performed via social movement are sometimes similar, but sometimes distance themselves from university reading and writing practices. The semi-structured interviews conducted revealed that their speeches/representations reflect their standpoint as readers in the context of the grassroots social movement, embedded with a position associated with institutionalized discourse. Meaning of literacy associated with social movement and the institutionalization of higher education contributes to (re)constructions of academic identities.  Esta articulo discute las representaciones del acto de lectura y escritura para educadores del campo, que se graduaron de una universidad en Brasil, que utiliza la asociación con organizaciones rurales y movimientos sociales sin tierras. El alcance teórico se centra en la literacidad y los estudios de alfabetización, a la luz de la perspectiva freireana. Las lecturas realizadas a través del movimiento social a veces son similares, pero a veces se distancian de las prácticas universitarias de lectura y escritura. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas revelaron que sus discursos / representaciones reflejan su punto de vista como lectores en el contexto del movimiento social de base, incrustado en una posición asociada con el discurso institucionalizado. El significado de la literacidad asociada con el movimiento social y la institucionalización de la educación superior contribuye a la (re) construcción de identidades académicas.Este artigo discute as representações do ato de ler e escrever para educadores rurais, formados em uma universidade no Brasil, que utiliza parcerias com organizações rurais e movimentos sociais sem terra. O escopo teórico concentra-se nos estudos de alfabetização e alfabetização, à luz da perspectiva freireana. As leituras realizadas pelo movimento social às vezes são semelhantes, mas às vezes se distanciam das práticas de leitura e escrita da universidade. As entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas revelaram que seus discursos / representações refletem seu ponto de vista como leitores no contexto do movimento social de base, incorporado a uma posição associada ao discurso institucionalizado. O significado de alfabetização associado ao movimento social e à institucionalização do ensino superior contribui para (re) construções de identidades acadêmicas

Excessive use of the preferred foot in on-the-ball skills execution compromises performance and tactical behaviour of football players

This study aimed to compare tactical behaviour and performance of football players with different on-theball skills execution functional technical asymmetry levels and to verify whether functional technical and tactical performance indexes of football players are associated. The sample included 59 football players (14.2 ± 1.5 years of age). FUT-SAT and SAFALL-FOOT were used as instruments for performance analysis. Participants were divided in two groups: higher and lower functional technical asymmetry. Student’s t-test was used to compare the behaviour and tactical performance of the groups, and the Pearson test was used to verify associations between functional technical asymmetry and tactical performance indexes. A significance level of 5% was adopted. The higher functional technical asymmetry group showed less tactical efficiency (t57 = 1.9; p = .05; d = .17) and low performance results in the execution of defensive actions (t57 = 2.1; p = .04; d = .55; t57 = 2.1; p = .04; d = .61) compared to the lower functional technical asymmetry group. No association was found between the functional technical asymmetry and tactical performance indexes (r = -.06; p = .66). It is concluded that the levels of functional technical asymmetry affected the behaviour and tactical performance of players although functional technical asymmetry and tactical performance indexes values are not associated. Future investigations may verify how football players with high and low levels of functional technical asymmetry change their behaviour and tactical performance from different kinds of training

LEGAL REMARKS ON THE OVERARCHING COMPLEXITIES OF CRYPTO ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING REGULATION

ABSTRACT Objective:The paper analyzes money laundering through crypto-assets and offers a legal perspective on how this new technology can be used to commit these felonies. The study intends to shed light on the matter, helping to visualize how future anti money laundering – AML regulation should focus on tackling crypto criminal activity effectively. Methodology: The research adopts an inductive approach, bibliographic and documental research technique, with an exploratory and propositional methodological objective. Results: The paper proposes the following framework of anti-money laundering principles for crypto-focused action: transnational approach for AML action; going beyond basic gatekeeper compliance approach, considering the lack of structural chokepoints in a blockchain protocol; private-sector cooperation and clear AML standards; usage of tracking and reverse-engineering anonymization techniques for the tracing of crypto transaction history; and adoption of a global blacklist for cryptoasset prefixes, preventing money laundering integration. Contributions: The study addresses a topic that is still unfamiliar in the academic world due to its innovation and complexity, as well as elaborates a set of principles to combat money laundering with crypto-assets that could be of great value to companies and financial institutions. KEYWORDS: Crypto-assets; crypto-currencies; bitcoin; blockchain; money laundering. RESUMO Objetivos: O artigo analisa a lavagem de dinheiro através de ativos criptográficos e oferece uma perspectiva jurídica sobre como essa nova tecnologia pode ser usada para cometer tais crimes. O estudo busca esclarecer o assunto, ajudando a visualizar como a futura regulação contra a lavagem de dinheiro cometida através destes ativos deve ser estruturada para assegurar efetividade. Metodologia: A pesquisa adota uma abordagem indutiva, a técnica de pesquisa é bibliográfica e documental, seu objetivo metodológico é exploratório e propositivo. Resultados: O artigo propõe o seguinte conjunto de princípios para o combate à lavagem de dinheiro com criptoativos: a abordagem transacional para combate à lavagem de dinheiro; ir além de uma abordagem focada em intermediários, considerando a falta de pontos de estrangulamento em um protocolo block chain; a cooperação com o setor privado e padrões claros de compliance para prevenção à lavagem de dinheiro; uso de técnicas de rastreamento e de engenharia reversa para processos de ocultação de histórico de transações; e a adoção de listas sujas globais para evitar a fase de integração do processo de lavagem de dinheiro com criptoativos.Contribuições: O estudo aborda um tema ainda muito pouco divulgado no meio acadêmico devido à sua inovação e complexidade, bem como elabora uma proposta de conjunto de princípios para o combate à lavagem de dinheiro com criptoativos que poderá ser de grande valia para empresas e instituições financeiras. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Criptoativos; criptomoedas; bitcoin; blockchain; lavagem de dinheiro

FOXES IN THE HENHOUSE: LEGAL CRITIQUE TO THE “JUS BELLUM JUSTUM” DOCTRINE FOR HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION THROUGH THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

ABSTRACT Objective: The paper presents a legal analysis of R2P in light of contemporary international law. It questions whether R2P is lawful as a just war (jus bellum justum) doctrine under international law, specifically under the general prohibition for the use of force pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations. The paper first analyzes the just war doctrine in light of international law; thereafter, there is a study of the legal framework for the use of force in the United Nations Charter; and, in a third step, the study of the R2P in legal light as a just war doctrine. Methodology: The research is executed through a deductive approach, its scientific objective is exploratory, and its research technique is a bibliographical and documentary survey. The methodological limit is in a legal approach of the subject from a normative perspective, focused on the legal validity of the institute under international law. Results: It is concluded from the study that R2P has legal flaws and does not stand against United Nations Charter regulation on the usage of force, notably the norm that states that the use of force in international relations is an exclusive responsibility of the United Nations Security Council. Contributions: The study shows its pertinence as an endeavor into a strictly legal analysis of a complex and highly political subject of humanitarian interventions. Keywords: Responsibility to protect; humanitarian intervention; just war doctrine; United Nations Security Council. RESUMO Objetivo: O artigo apresenta uma análise jurídica da R2P à luz do Direito Internacional contemporâneo; questiona se a R2P é juridicamente válida como uma doutrina de guerra justa (jus bellum justum) sob o Direito Internacional, especificamente à luz da proibição geral de uso da força de acordo com a Carta das Nações Unidas. Para tanto, o artigo analisa a doutrina da guerra justa à luz do Direito Internacional; em seguida, estuda o marco legal para o uso da força na Carta da ONU; e, em terceiro lugar, estuda a R2P como uma doutrina de guerra justa. Metodologia:A pesquisa é executada através de abordagem dedutiva, seu objetivo científico é exploratório e sua técnica de pesquisa é bibliográfica e documental. O limite metodologia é uma abordagem legal do seu objeto em uma perspectiva normativa com foco na validade legal do instituto à luz do Direito Internacional.Resultados: Conclui-se do estudo que a R2P tem falhas jurídicas e não se coaduna com a normativa da Carta das Nações Unidas sobre o uso da força, notadamente a norma que estabelece que o uso da força nas relações internacionais é uma responsabilidade quase exclusiva do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas. Contribuições: O estudo mostra sua pertinência por se tratar de análise estritamente legal de um assunto complexo e altamente político que são as intervenções humanitárias. Palavras-chave: Responsabilidade de proteger; intervenção humanitária; doutrina da guerra justa; Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas