Nota preliminar sobre uma particularidade da biologia de Sardinella aurita Cuv. & Val., da costa brasileira

Dans la région de São Sebastião, dans le canal du même nom a été capturé un lot de larves et alevins de Sardinella aurita: Cur. & Val.. Ce lot étant composé de trois séries, chacune étant le résultat d'une levée séparée du même engin de capture. Le lot était composé de spécimens de tailles très différentes allant de 22mm. à 105mm. Après mensurations (au millimètre) les diagrammes de variabilité ont montré l'existence de nombreux sommets (prés de 20) mais se sont avéré confus et illisibles. Après avoir tenté diverses opérations on est parvenu à séparer 5 courbes plus ou moins plausibles. La recherche de ces courbes de variabilité n'avait comme but que l'explication de l'ensemble des diagrammes obtenus. La découverte de plusieurs courbes prouve que l'on est en présence d'un série de pontes consécutives.Na região de São Sebastião e canal do mesmo nome foi capturado um lote de larvas e alevinos de Sardinella aurita Cuv. & Val.. Esse lote compunha-se de três séries, cada qual proveniente de uma coleta diferente e oriunda do mesmo engenho de captura. O lote compunha-se de espécimes providos de portes muito diferentes, variando de 22 mm., a 105 mm.. Após as medições (em milímetros) os diagramas de variabilidade revelaram a existência de numerosos ápices (cerca de 20) que se revelaram confusos e ilegíveis. Depois de se ter tentado várias operações, conseguiu-se separar cinco curvas mais ou menos razoáveis. A pesquisa levada a efeito nessas curvas de variabilidade, não teve outro objetivo sinão o de procurar uma explicação para o conjunto dos diagramas obtidos. A existência de várias curvas prova que nos encontramos em presença de uma série de posturas consecutivas

Considerações gerais em tôrno da região lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape: I

O trabalho em questão teve como principal objetivo servir de nota introdutória à pesquisa que se processa no setor Iguape-Cananéia, situado no litoral sul do E. de S. Paulo. Pareceu ao autor providência inadiável efetuar tal investigação, em virtude do caráter muito especial do sistema lagunar, considerado, por assim dizer, como chave indispensável ao entendimento do que se passa no conjunto da região. Inicialmente, procurou o autor apresentar um ensaio hipotético da gênese da região. A primeira parte desse estudo figura no número 1 deste Boletim e compreende o exame da questão, partindo da pre-existência de um golfo pintalgado de ilhas montanhosas e do seu entupimento em consequência do carreteamento de produtos terrígenos decorrentes de erosões. Seguem-se a atuação dos ventos dominantes e das correntes de maré, o papel retentor desempenhado pela vegetação dos mangues e a esquematização do processo, em quatro fases diferentes e que justificam as modificações hipotéticas aventadas. Na segunda parte, trata o autor da descrição dos diversos aspectos da região lagunar, dividida em zonas naturais, como segue: la. Canal principal: 2.º Mar do Cubarão; 3.º Baía do Trapandé e suas dependências; 4.º "marigots"; 5.º canal do Ribeira de Iguapé e 6.º canal e Mar do Ararapira. Conquanto se trate de trabalho particularmente mais aprofundado na parte relativa à geografia física, nele se situam pesquisas oceanográficas, hidrológicas, botânicas, físicas, químicas e de zoologia geral, decorrentes da necessidade premente de se conhecer um grande centro produtor de fitoplancton representado, sobretudo, por Diatomáceas

Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do "Baependi" e do "Vega" à Ilha da Trindade: contribuição para o conhecimento da plataforma insular da Ilha da Trindade

The oceanographic work realized during 10 days in the surroundings of the eruptive island of Trindade, 20º30'36" lat. S - 29º19'26" long. W, had as principal aim the determination of the insular plateau, whose knowledge was very insufficient. Thus were established some oceanographic stations and sounding lines were realized by means of an echobathymeter whose responses were initially verified with mechanical soundings obtaneid by means of a Thomson sounder. The insular plateau is very narrow and exhibits a sudden fall between the 100 and 120 m. depth line at 740 m. - 2950 m. from the coast. Its greatest depth is of 108,30 m. and its mean inclination is of 8,12%. The plateau of the island of Trindade is separated from that of the neighbouring group of Martim Yaz by great depths. The bottoms are rocky near the coast, the blocks having been produced by the rupture of the magmatic mass of the island. Further away from the coast, the size of the rocks gradually diminishes up to the fine sand thickness. In the litoral zone there are abundant tufts of living Lithothamnion with a rich associated flora and fauna, which partly covers the rocks themselves. Further off at sea, the spheres of the dead alga with its commensals are cimented together by sedimentation. The spheres are further broken up and become an integrating part of the sand. The results of the physical and chemical analyses of the sand bottoms are shown in tables 2 and 3. The coast is either of abrupt rocky walls falling down to sea level, or of shores, made of pebbles or of sand. Anyhow, there are frequently Lithothamnion terraces slightly inclinated towards the bottom (chemical analysis table 1)

Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do "Baependi" e do "Vega" na Ilha da Trindade: observações sobre a relevografia da região situada entre a Ilha da Trindade e o Continente

The return voyage from the Island of Trindade (Besnard, W., 1951, p. 37-48) to Rio de Janeiro was made on board of a trawling boat, "Vega", and the established route was through the series of banks that occur between the continent and the group of islands Trindade and Martim Vaz. The banks are accurately placed on the map and the deepness of the ocean above them, correctly stated. Dredgings, due to lack of time and inappropriate gear available on board, brought back only samples comparable to those of the insular platform of the island of Trindade, more similar to the collections made nearer the island, and gradually differing from them on the banks located closer to the continent. As is shown in the accompanying schematieal section, the submarine profile is extremely irregular, there being instances of falls of over 2.000 meters in the distance of a few meters. It seems, therefore, reasonable to imagine that there is, between the continent and the island a series of mountains and ridges possibly of eruptive nature. However, the schema is necessarily very incomplete due to the scarcity of the soundings. The voyage was altogether much too short for more than a quick glance, that produced enough material to show that it is an interesting region from several points of view and worth of a more detailed study

The Lorentzian distance formula in noncommutative geometry

For almost twenty years, a search for a Lorentzian version of the well-known Connes' distance formula has been undertaken. Several authors have contributed to this search, providing important milestones, and the time has now come to put those elements together in order to get a valid and functional formula. This paper presents a historical review of the construction and the proof of a Lorentzian distance formula suitable for noncommutative geometry.Comment: 16 pages, final form, few references adde

Exploring the beta distribution in variable-density turbulent mixing

In assumed probability density function (pdf) methods of turbulent combustion, the shape of the scalar pdf is assumed a priori and the pdf is parametrized by its moments for which model equations are solved. In non-premixed flows the beta distribution has been a convenient choice to represent the mixture fraction in binary mixtures or a progress variable in combustion. Here the beta-pdf approach is extended to variable-density mixing: mixing between materials that have very large density differences and thus the scalar fields are active. As a consequence, new mixing phenomena arise due to 1) cubic non-linearities in the Navier-Stokes equation, 2) additional non-linearities in the molecular diffusion terms and 3) the appearance of the specific volume as a dynamical variable. The assumed beta-pdf approach is extended to transported pdf methods by giving the associated stochastic differential equation (SDE). The beta distribution is shown to be a realizable, consistent and sufficiently general representation of the marginal pdf of the fluid density, an active scalar, in non-premixed variable-density turbulent mixing. The moment equations derived from mass conservation are compared to the moment equations derived from the governing SDE. This yields a series of relations between the non-stationary coefficients of the SDE and the mixing physics. Our treatment of this problem is general: the mixing is mathematically represented by the divergence of the velocity field which can only be specified once the problem is defined. In this paper we seek to describe a theoretical framework to subsequent applications. We report and document several rigorous mathematical results, necessary for forthcoming work that deals with the applications of the current results to model specification, computation and validation of binary mixing of inert fluids.Comment: Added two paragraphs to Introduction + minor changes, Accepted in Journal of Turbulence, July 19, 201

A Default Logic Patch for Default Logic

International audienceThis paper is about the fusion of multiple information sources represented using default logic. More precisely, the focus is on solving the problem that occurs when the standard-logic knowledge parts of the sources are contradictory, as default theories trivialize in this case. To overcome this problem, it is shown that replacing each formula belonging to Minimally Unsatisfiable Subformulas by a corresponding supernormal default allows appealing features. Moreover, it is investigated how these additional defaults interact with the initial defaults of the theory. Interestingly, this approach allows us to handle the problem of default theories containing inconsistent standard-logic knowledge, using the default logic framework itself

Pressure-induced structural transitions triggering dimensional crossover in lithium purple bronze Li0.9M6O17

At ambient pressure, lithium molybdenum purple bronze (Li0.9Mo6O17) is a quasi-one dimensional solid in which the anisotropic crystal structure and the linear dispersion of the underlying bands produced by electronic correlations possibly bring about a rare experimental realization of Tomomaga-Luttinger liquid physics. It is also the sole member of the broader purple molybdenum bronzes family where a Peierls instability has not been identified at low temperatures. The present study reports a pressure-induced series of phase transitions between 0 and 12 GPa. These transitions are strongly reflected in infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The most dramatic effect seen in optical conductivity is the metallization of the c-axis, concomitant to the decrease of conductivity along the b-axis. This indicates that high pressure drives the material away from its quasi-one dimensional behavior at ambient pressure. While the first pressure-induced structure of the series is resolved, the identification of the underlying mechanisms driving the dimensional change in the physics remains a challenge.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figure

Sox2 Is Required for Maintenance and Differentiation of Bronchiolar Clara, Ciliated, and Goblet Cells

The bronchioles of the murine lung are lined by a simple columnar epithelium composed of ciliated, Clara, and goblet cells that together mediate barrier function, mucociliary clearance and innate host defense, vital for pulmonary homeostasis. In the present work, we demonstrate that expression of Sox2 in Clara cells is required for the differentiation of ciliated, Clara, and goblet cells that line the bronchioles of the postnatal lung. The gene was selectively deleted in Clara cells utilizing Scgb1a1-Cre, causing the progressive loss of Sox2 in the bronchioles during perinatal and postnatal development. The rate of bronchiolar cell proliferation was decreased and associated with the formation of an undifferentiated, cuboidal-squamous epithelium lacking the expression of markers of Clara cells (Scgb1a1), ciliated cells (FoxJ1 and α-tubulin), and goblet cells (Spdef and Muc5AC). By adulthood, bronchiolar cell numbers were decreased and Sox2 was absent in extensive regions of the bronchiolar epithelium, at which time residual Sox2 expression was primarily restricted to selective niches of CGRP staining neuroepithelial cells. Allergen-induced goblet cell differentiation and mucus production was absent in the respiratory epithelium lacking Sox2. In vitro, Sox2 activated promoter-luciferase reporter constructs for differentiation markers characteristic of Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells, Scgb1a1, FoxJ1, and Agr2, respectively. Sox2 physically interacted with Smad3 and inhibited TGF-β1/Smad3-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro, a pathway that negatively regulates proliferation. Sox2 is required for proliferation and differentiation of Clara cells that serve as the progenitor cells from which Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells are derived