Analysis of Optical and Structural Properties of Sol–Gel TiO2 Thin Films

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in various industries (cosmetics; painting; solar cells; used-water reprocessing; electro-chromatic systems; etc.). It exists under different crystalline forms: rutile, anatase, and brookite. We have prepared our samples using an alcoholic solution of Tetra-buthylorthotitane, hydrolysed in a water/alcohol/acid mixture. The solution thus prepared was deposited by a sol–gel method on an ITO substrate. The layers undergo a heat treatment at temperatures varying from 300 with 500°C, and various dippings. DRX analysis of our thin films of TiO2 shows that the titanium oxide starts to crystallize starts from the temperature of annealing 350°C. The structure obtained is anatase. At higher temperatures (400 and 450°C), and for a number of layers (dipping iterations) increasing from 4 to 9, we observe in addition to anatase, the formation of brookite. The intensities corresponding to the lines characteristic of anatase (101) and brookite (111) increase with temperature. This increase in the intensities of the peaks is interpreted as due to an increase in size of the grains (nanocrystals) of titanium oxide with the increase in the annealing temperature. The Raman spectra confirm the presence of titanium oxide starting from the temperature 350°C, the peaks characteristic of anatase (tetragonal) appear near bands centred around 153 and around 193cm-1. For the higher temperatures (400 and 450°C) we note also the formation of brookite which corresponds to the wavelength 650 cm-1. The calculated size of the grains varies from 11.9 to 17.1nm for anatase and from 25 to 10.2nm for brookite. The index of refraction (n), and porosity (p) are calculated starting from the measured transmission spectra, and vary between 1.63 and 2.59 for n, and from 3.5 to 68.7% for porosity.Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in various industries (cosmetics; painting; solar cells; used-water reprocessing; electro-chromatic systems; etc.). It exists under different crystalline forms: rutile, anatase, and brookite. We have prepared our samples using an alcoholic solution of Tetra-buthylorthotitane, hydrolysed in a water/alcohol/acid mixture. The solution thus prepared was deposited by a sol–gel method on an ITO substrate. The layers undergo a heat treatment at temperatures varying from 300 with 500°C, and various dippings. DRX analysis of our thin films of TiO2 shows that the titanium oxide starts to crystallize starts from the temperature of annealing 350°C. The structure obtained is anatase. At higher temperatures (400 and 450°C), and for a number of layers (dipping iterations) increasing from 4 to 9, we observe in addition to anatase, the formation of brookite. The intensities corresponding to the lines characteristic of anatase (101) and brookite (111) increase with temperature. This increase in the intensities of the peaks is interpreted as due to an increase in size of the grains (nanocrystals) of titanium oxide with the increase in the annealing temperature. The Raman spectra confirm the presence of titanium oxide starting from the temperature 350°C, the peaks characteristic of anatase (tetragonal) appear near bands centred around 153 and around 193cm-1. For the higher temperatures (400 and 450°C) we note also the formation of brookite which corresponds to the wavelength 650 cm-1. The calculated size of the grains varies from 11.9 to 17.1nm for anatase and from 25 to 10.2nm for brookite. The index of refraction (n), and porosity (p) are calculated starting from the measured transmission spectra, and vary between 1.63 and 2.59 for n, and from 3.5 to 68.7% for porosit

Valorization of fine bran of Algerian durum wheat varieties in the diet of ruminants

The feed value of the fine bran of durum wheat varieties cultivated in Algeria have as characteristics an average content of total nitrogen of 13.2% of dry matter (DM), a fat content of 2.4% of DM and minerals content of 2.8% of DM. These various chemical compounds values confer less fodder units and digestible proteins than those of durum wheat fine bran from Europeans varieties

Valorization of fine bran of Algerian durum wheat varieties in the diet of ruminants

La valeur nutritive des sons fins des variétés de blé dur cultivées en Algérie a pour caractéristiques une teneur moyenne en matières azotées totales de 13,2 % de matière sèche (MS), un taux de matière grasse de 2,4 % de MS et une teneur en matière minérale de 2,8 % de MS. Ces différents composés chimiques leurs confèrent des valeurs en unités fourragères et en protéines digestibles moins importantes que celles des sons fins des blés durs européens. Mots-clés: Alimentation des ruminants, son fin de blé dur algérien, valeur nutritive.The feed value of the fine bran of durum wheat varieties cultivated in Algeria have as characteristics an average content of total nitrogen of 13.2% of dry matter (DM), a fat content of 2.4% of DM and minerals content of 2.8% of DM. These various chemical compounds values confer less fodder units and digestible proteins than those of durum wheat fine bran from Europeans varieties.Keywords: Food of the ruminants, Fine bran of Algerian durum wheat, Feed value

Characterization of structural, optical and electric properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering.

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TIO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel method for waveguiding applications

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