FUNGSI BADAN PENGAWAS KEJAKSAAN DALAM SISTEM PENGAWASAN DI KEJAKSAAN BERDASARKAN PERATURAN JAKSA AGUNG NOMOR PER-015/A/JA/07/2013 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS PERATURAN JAKSA AGUNG NOMOR PER-022/A/JA/03/2011 TENTANG PENYELENGGARAAN PENGAWASAN KEJAKSAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

ABSTRAK Dalam Undang Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2004 tentang Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia menyatakan bahwa Kejaksaan merupakan suatu lembaga yang berkedudukan, bertugas, berfungsi, serta berwenang untuk bertindak sebagai penuntut umum, pelaksana putusan pengadilan telah memperoleh kekuaan hukum tetap, dan wewenang lain. Walaupun pada kenyataannya kejaksaan tidak pernah disebut dalam Undang Undang Dasar 1945, namun pada hakekatnya pengertian kejaksaan dan jaksa agung sebenarnya telah termasuk dalam ruang lingkup kekuasaan kehakiman Pasal 24 ayat (3) Undang Undang Dasar 1945 menyatakan bahwa “Badan-badan lain yang fungsinya berkaitan dengan kekuasaan kehakiman diatur dalam undang-undang”. Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1. Bagaimana fungsi Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan dalam mengawasi kinerja Kejaksaan? 2. Apa kendala yang dihadapi oleh Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan selama melakukan pengawasan?. Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian hukum ini adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan jenis pendekatan undang-undang, historis, dan konseptual. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: dalam mekanisme pengawasan di Kejaksaan dilakukan melalui pengawasan melekat oleh pimpinan satuan kerja terhadap bawahannya dan pengawasan fungsional melalui pemeriksaan surat-surat serta inspeksi langsung ke berbagai unit Kejaksaan di tingkat pusat dan daerah. Banyak pelanggaran yang terjadi dikarenakan adanya rasa keengganan diantara para pegawai untuk melaporkan adanya penyimpangan atau pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh sesama pegawai, serta adanya dukungan kelompok atau dukungan di lingkungan kerja untuk melakukan pelanggaran, diiringi dengan faktor sanksi yang ringan karena masih adanya toleransi dalam pemberian sanksi

What Lies behind the Wish to Hasten Death? A Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography from the Perspective of Patients

BACKGROUND: There is a need for an in-depth approach to the meaning of the wish to hasten death (WTHD). This study aims to understand the experience of patients with serious or incurable illness who express such a wish. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative studies from the patient's perspective. Studies were identified through six databases (ISI, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, CUIDEN and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials), together with citation searches and consultation with experts. Finally, seven studies reporting the experiences of 155 patients were included. The seven-stage Noblit and Hare approach was applied, using reciprocal translation and line-of-argument synthesis. Six main themes emerged giving meaning to the WTHD: WTHD in response to physical/psychological/spiritual suffering, loss of self, fear of dying, the desire to live but not in this way, WTHD as a way of ending suffering, and WTHD as a kind of control over one's life ('having an ace up one's sleeve just in case'). An explanatory model was developed which showed the WTHD to be a reactive phenomenon: a response to multidimensional suffering, rather than only one aspect of the despair that may accompany this suffering. According to this model the factors that lead to the emergence of WTHD are total suffering, loss of self and fear, which together produce an overwhelming emotional distress that generates the WTHD as a way out, i.e. to cease living in this way and to put an end to suffering while maintaining some control over the situation. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of the WTHD in these patients is a response to overwhelming emotional distress and has different meanings, which do not necessarily imply a genuine wish to hasten one's death. These meanings, which have a causal relationship to the phenomenon, should be taken into account when drawing up care plans

Fungsi Badan Pengawas kejaksaan dalam sistem pengawasan di kejaksaan berdasakan peraturan jaksa Agung No. Per-015/A/JA/07/2013 tentang perubahan atas peraturan jaksa Agung No. Per-022/A/JA/03/2011 tentang penyelenggaraan pengawasan kejaksaan Republik Indonesia

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Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and density in children and adults in Fiji, using four cross-sectional surveys

This study describes predictors of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and density in Fiji. We used data from four annual (2012-2015) cross-sectional surveys, pre- and post-introduction of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in October 2012. Infants (5-8 weeks), toddlers (12-23 months), children (2-6 years), and their caregivers participated. Pneumococci were detected and quantified using lytA qPCR, with molecular serotyping by microarray. Logistic and quantile regression were used to determine predictors of pneumococcal carriage and density, respectively. There were 8,109 participants. Pneumococcal carriage was negatively associated with years post-PCV10 introduction (global P<0.001), and positively associated with indigenous iTaukei ethnicity (aOR 2.74 [95% CI 2.17-3.45] P<0.001); young age (infant, toddler, and child compared with caregiver participant groups) (global P<0.001); urban residence (aOR 1.45 [95% CI 1.30-2.57] P<0.001); living with ≥2 children <5 years of age (aOR 1.42 [95% CI 1.27-1.59] P<0.001); low family income (aOR 1.44 [95% CI 1.28-1.62] P<0.001); and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms (aOR 1.77 [95% CI 1.57-2.01] P<0.001). Predictors were similar for PCV10 and non-PCV10 carriage, except PCV10 carriage was negatively associated with PCV10 vaccination (0.58 [95% CI 0.41-0.82] P = 0.002) and positively associated with exposure to household cigarette smoke (aOR 1.21 [95% CI 1.02-1.43] P = 0.031), while there was no association between years post-PCV10 introduction and non-PCV10 carriage. Pneumococcal density was positively associated with URTI symptoms (adjusted median difference 0.28 [95% CI 0.16, 0.40] P<0.001) and toddler and child, compared with caregiver, participant groups (global P = 0.008). Predictors were similar for PCV10 and non-PCV10 density, except infant, toddler, and child participant groups were not associated with PCV10 density. PCV10 introduction was associated with reduced the odds of overall and PCV10 pneumococcal carriage in Fiji. However, after adjustment iTaukei ethnicity was positively associated with pneumococcal carriage compared with Fijians of Indian Descent, despite similar PCV10 coverage rates