Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of a Binary Electrolyte in a Concentric Annulus

We study theoretically magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) motion of a binary electrolyte in a concentric annulus subjected to a uniform, axial magnetic field. The annulus’ cylindrical surfaces serve as electrodes. When a potential difference is imposed across the cylindrical electrodes, radial electric current flows in the solution and interacts with the axial magnetic field to induce a Lorentz body force that drives azimuthal fluid flow. When the annulus is infinitely long, a purely azimuthal flow (analogous to the classical Dean flow) is possible. We determine the velocity profile, ion concentration fields, and current density as functions of the electrodes’ potential difference and study the linear stability of the azimuthal flow. Of particular interest is the effect of the ions’ concentration fields on the centrifugal Dean instability. When the current is directed outwardly, electrochemical effects destabilize the flow, and the MHD flow loses stability at a Dean number much lower than its analogous, pressure driven flow. The supercritical flow consists of convective cells in the transverse plane. In contrast, when the current is directed inwardly, electrochemical effects stabilize the flow and the azimuthal flow is linearly stable for all Dean numbers. When the annulus is capped, purely azimuthal flow is no longer possible, and the flow in the annulus is always three-dimensional. In this case, the secondary flow is mostly driven by pressure gradients induced by the no-slip floor and ceiling. The intensity of the transverse convection depends then only weakly on the current\u27s direction

An isotopically light nitrogen reservoir in the ocean : evidence from ferromanganese crusts

Funding: UK Nature Environment Research Council NERC (grant NE/V010824/1); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG SPP1833 grant BA-2289/8-1).Ferromanganese (FeMn) oxide crusts and nodules in the deep ocean have been studied extensively in the context of critical metals and metal isotope mass balances; however, their role in the marine nitrogen cycle has been unexplored. Here we investigated a suite of hydrogenetic and diagenetic marine FeMn crusts and nodules from the Pacific to determine their isotopic signature and contribution as another N sink from the modern ocean. Our results reveal unusually low δ15N values down to −12 ‰ in some hydrogenetic crusts, paired with low δ13C values in carbonate associated with these crusts and nodules. This pattern is most parsimoniously explained by partial oxidation of ammonium (nitrification) derived from benthic biomass. Nitrification generates isotopically light nitrite, which may adhere to FeMn oxides by adsorption. In contrast, the diagenetic and hydrogenetic nodules are enriched in 15N/14N to up to +12 ‰, likely due to retention of ammonium in phyllosilicate minerals. Overall, we conclude that FeMn oxide crusts and nodules are a novel archive of microbial activity that may be preserved in the sedimentary record on Earth and possibly Mars.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

A Nanoaquarium for in situ Electron Microscopy in Liquid Media

The understanding of many nanoscale processes occurring in liquids such as colloidal crystal formation, aggregation, nanowire growth, electrochemical deposition, and biological interactions would benefit greatly from real-time, in situ imaging with the nanoscale resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs). However, these imaging tools cannot readily be used to observe processes occurring in liquid media without addressing two experimental hurdles: sample thickness and sample evaporation in the high vacuum microscope chamber. To address these challenges, we have developed a nano-Hele-Shaw cell, dubbed the nanoaquarium. The device consists of a hermetically-sealed, 100 nm tall, liquid-filled chamber sandwiched between two freestanding, 50 nm thick, silicon nitride membranes. Embedded electrodes are integrated into the device. This fluid dynamics video features particle motion and aggregation during in situ STEM of nanoparticles suspended in liquids. The first solution contains 5 nm gold particles, 50 nm gold particles and 50 nm polystyrene particles in water. The second solution contains 5 nm gold particles in water. The imaging was carried out with a FEI Quanta 600 FEG Mark II with a STEM detector. In the footage of the multi-particle solution, note that the 50 nm gold particles prominently decorate the clusters and are clearly distinguished. In the footage of the 5 nm gold particles, diffusion-limited aggregation is observed. Individual particles and small clusters are seen diffusing throughout the field of view, bumping into each other and bonding irreversibly to form a fractal structure. The rate of aggregation and the fractal dimension of the aggregates are consistent with light scattering measurements, indicating that the electron beam does not greatly alter the observed phenomenon.Comment: videos are include

The Central Beam and Cycle Management of the CERN Accelerator Complex

The efficient exploitation of the CERN accelerator complex in the future, with new cycles to fill the LHC and possibly a dedicated neutrino cycle in addition to the actual fixed-target program, will require a rapid and coordinated response to adapt to the changing user requests. This paper reviews the general sequencing problem and describes some preliminary concepts and algorithms suitable for managing a network of accelerators. The benefits derived from the architecture that has already been implemented in the PS complex, since its start up in March, are presented. The last accelerator in the injector chain, the SPS, is currently running fixed super-cycles. Its event-based timing system will be integrated into the central control by the year 2001 in a way that is transparent to the SPS equipment

\u3cem\u3eIn Situ\u3c/em\u3e Liquid-Cell Electron Microscopy of Colloid Aggregation and Growth Dynamics

We report on real-time observations of the aggregation of gold nanoparticles using a custom-made liquid cell that allows for in situ electron microscopy. Process kinetics and fractal dimension of the aggregates are consistent with three-dimensional cluster-cluster diffusion-limited aggregation, even for large aggregates, for which confinement effects are expected. This apparent paradox was resolved through in situ observations of the interactions between individual particles as well as clusters at various stages of the aggregation process that yielded the large aggregates. The liquid cell described herein facilitates real-time observations of various processes in liquid media with the high resolution of the electron microscope

Academic and Social Engagement of Students with Psychiatric Disabilities

The attendance of students with psychiatric disabilities has significantly increased over recent decades and these students represent the largest group of students with disabilities across college campuses (Madaus, 2011). It is important for higher education administrators and student affairs professionals to understand the experiences of students with psychiatric disabilities in order to better support their academic and social engagement in higher education. Further analysis of research related to the student experience reveals issues faced by students with psychiatric disabilities and the coping techniques used to navigate through college. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth recommendations for postsecondary institutions that provide insights on how to better support the academic and social engagement of students with psychiatric disabilities. Recommendations for postsecondary institutions include: Promoting an inclusive environment, Awareness and action training, Simplifying the process of seeking and receiving accommodations, and Ongoing research on strategies for creating better supports