Seed dimorphism nutrients and salinity differentially affect seed traits of the desert halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica via multiple maternal effects.

Background: Maternal effects may influence a range of seed traits simultaneously and are likely to be context-dependent. Disentangling the interactions of plant phenotype and growth environment on various seed traits is important for understanding regeneration and establishment of species in natural environments. Here, we used the seed-dimorphic plant Suaeda aralocaspica to test the hypothesis that seed traits are regulated by multiple maternal effects.Results: Plants grown from brown seeds had a higher brown:black seed ratio than plants from black seeds, and germination percentage of brown seeds was higher than that of black seeds under all conditions tested. However, the coefficient of variation (CV) for size of black seeds was higher than that of brown seeds. Seeds had the smallest CV at low nutrient and high salinity for plants from brown seeds and at low nutrient and low salinity for plants from black seeds. Low levels of nutrients increased size and germinability of black seeds but did not change the seed morph ratio or size and germinability of brown seeds. High levels of salinity decreased seed size but did not change the seed morph ratio. Seeds from high-salinity maternal plants had a higher germination percentage regardless of level of germination salinity.Conclusions: Our study supports the multiple maternal effects hypothesis. Seed dimorphism, nutrient and salinity interacted in determining a range of seed traits of S. aralocaspica via bet-hedging and anticipatory maternal effects. This study highlights the importance of examining different maternal factors and various offspring traits in studies that estimate maternal effects on regeneration. © 2012 Wang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Embryonic dormancy in seeds of Bactris gasipaes Kunth (peach-palm)

Bactris gasipaes is a domesticated palm whose fruits are of great importance for the Amazonian people and whose heart of palm is also receiving economic interest in other brazilian and Latin America regions. The aim of this study was verify embryonic dormancy and its correlation with first cataphyll emergence in B. gasipaes seeds collected from four plants at Manaus city and four others at Coari city, both in the Amazonas state, Brazil. After extraction and cleaning, some of the seeds (4 replications of 25 per plant) were sown in a seedbed with a sawdust and sand mixture as substrate, and embryos (4 replications of 10 per plant), after extraction, were inoculated into half strength Murashige and Skoog cultures. Were used 100 seeds and 40 embryo per treatment. Whole seed and embryo germination varied between the different source plants and locations, with the greatest difference observed for the emergence of first cataphyll from seeds in the seedbed. For the most part of variables, results of seed and embryo were positively associated, namely, as one went up the other also, and vice versa. These results suggesting that, at least in part, seed dormancy in Bactris gasipaes is associated with embryonic dormancy. © 2017, Associacao Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes. All rights reserved

Seed germination performances of Styrax species help understand their distribution in Cerrado areas in Brazil

In this descriptive paper, we described germination responses of Styrax pohlii, S. camporum and S. ferrugineus seeds at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 degrees C. We also assessed the percentage germination (% G) of S. pohlii seeds with different seed water contents because, as a forest species, it seems to have recalcitrant seed behavior. Intrigued by the capacity of seeds of this species to germinate directly from puddles formed on poorly drained soils of riparian forests, where it typically occurs, we also tested the effect of de-pulping fruits on germination of S. pohlii seeds under hypoxia and normoxia conditions. In addition, we checked whether distinct concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) could break S. ferrugineus seed dormancy, a typical seed behavior of Cerrado species. No germination occurred at 5, 40 and 45 degrees C, regardless of the species. The optimal temperature for germination was 20 degrees C for S. pohlii and 25 degrees C for S. camporum. However, S. ferrugineus seeds showed a very low % G, regardless of the temperature, and GA(3) could not consistently break possible physiological seed dormancy. For S. pohlii seeds, the higher the seed desiccation the lower the % G, and fruit pulp removal showed to be essential for seed germination. S. pohlii seeds germinated independently of oxygenation conditions.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, BrazilCNPq: 306119/2011-

Superação de dormência de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth

O angico-de-bezerro (Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.) é uma espécie arbórea melífera, de crescimento rápido, característica da caatinga do nordeste brasileiro, onde é muito abundante e com dispersão contígua e irregular. Seus ramos finos, junto com as folhas, servem como alimento para animais. Como suas sementes apresentam dormência por impermeabilidade do tegumento à água, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a eficiência de tratamentos pré-germinativos para superar a dormência de suas sementes visando maximizar e uniformizar o processo de germinação. Foram estudados 28 tratamentos pré-germinativos: imersão em água a 70, 80, 90 ºC e fervente por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 minutos e imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos, além da testemunha. A semeadura foi realizada sobre papel em temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC, utilizando-se quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de germinação das sementes considerando a protrusão da raiz primária, de plântulas normais e de sementes duras e o índice de velocidade de germinação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os tratamentos de imersão em água, independentemente da temperatura e do período de imersão, aumentaram a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, comparativamente ao tratamento controle, mas foram menos eficientes que os tratamentos em ácido sulfúrico nos maiores períodos de imersão. Desta forma, a imersão por 20, 25 e 30 minutos em ácido sulfúrico é recomendada para a superação da dormência de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.The rapidly-growing honey-tree species Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. is typical of the Brazilian northeastern caatinga (scrubland), where it is found abundantly, contiguously and irregularly dispersed. The thin branches and leaves of this tree are used as animal fodder. The seeds of P. moniliformis present dormancy due to the seed-coat being impermeable to water. We evaluated the efficiency of pre-germinating treatments to overcome P. moniliformis dormancy and maximize and uniformize germination. A total of 28 pre-germination treatments were investigated: immersion in water at 70 ºC, 80 ºC or 90 ºC; boiling for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 minutes; immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 minutes; and no treatment (control). After treatment, seeds were sown on paper and incubated at alternating temperatures of 20 ºC-30 ºC. Four replicates of 25 seeds were used for each treatment. The factors evaluated were: percentage of seeds with primary root protrusion; percentage of normal seedlings; percentage of hard seeds and the speed of germination index. The experimental design was completely randomized and the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at a probability of 5%. Immersion in water, independent of the temperature and immersion period, increased germination as compared to control seeds but was less efficient than the longer periods of immersion in sulfuric acid. Thus, the immersion in sulfuric acid for 20, 25 and 30 minutes is recommended for the overcoming of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. seeds.Unesp/JaboticabalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção VegetalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia Aplicada a AgropecuáriaUnesp/JaboticabalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção VegetalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia Aplicada a Agropecuári

Water uptake by Annona diversifolia Saff. and A. purpurea Moc. & sessé ex dunal seeds (Annonaceae)

Annonaceae seeds are known by presenting dormancy mechanisms, whose reports ranging from coating impermeable to the physiological dormancy. By this way, the present study aimed to evaluate water uptake in Annona diversifolia Saff and Annona purpurea Moc & Sessé ex Dunal seeds. For this study, seeds were placed under immersion in distilled water, and used four replicates of 25 seeds of each species, which were weighed during the 480 hours that were immersed. To determine the place of purchase of water, Annona diversifolia seeds were sealed with paraffin at different locations. Based on the results, seeds from both species reached the phases I and II of water uptake, which indicates they are not hard; however, germination (Phase III) was not reached. Annona diversifolia seeds completed Phase I with, 50h and Annona purpurea with 70h from imbibitions begin, which shows that even slowly, water is acquire.As sementes de espécies da família Annonaceae são conhecidas por apresentarem mecanismos de dormência, cujos relatos vão desde a impermeabilidade do tegumento até a dormência fisiológica. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a impermeabilidade à água das sementes de Annona diversifolia Saff e Annona purpurea Moc & Sessé ex Dunal a partir do estudo da curva de aquisição de água. Para a realização do estudo, sementes foram colocadas sob imersão em água destilada, sendo utilizadas 4 repetições de 25 sementes de cada espécie, as quais foram pesadas durante as 480 horas em que ficaram imersas. Para determinar o local de aquisição de água, sementes de Annona diversifolia foram vedadas em diferentes locais com parafina. Com base nos resultados, pode-se afirmar que sementes de ambas as espécies apresentam Fase I e II da germinação, o que indica que as sementes não são impermeáveis; contudo, a Fase III não é alcançada. As sementes de Annona diversifolia completam a Fase I com 50 horas, e as de Annona purpurea, com 70 horas do início da embebição, o que demonstra que, mesmo de maneira lenta, a água é adquirida.UNESP IBB Depto BotânicaUniversidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Faculdade de Ciências BiológicasUNICACH Faculdade de Ciências BiológicasUNESP IBB Depto Botânic