Protocol development for pro-active emergency responses by veterinary clinics and hospitals

The Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005 necessitated the development of a guidance document concerning emergency preparedness and response for veterinary clinics and hospitals. The aftermaths of the largest natural disasters in United States\u27 history, namely Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, brought to light the need for a protocol designed specifically for veterinarians and veterinary practitioners. Disaster management information was synthesized and modified to be subject-specific for the veterinary community. This synthesis resulted in the creation of the Veterinary Emergency Preparedness and Response (VEPR) manual and website. Two types of data were collected to develop the emergency protocol; interviews with veterinarians and staff and site visits to affected clinics and hospitals were conducted to gather primary data for inclusion in the preparedness and response document, and preexisting information concerning disaster management from an array of sources was compiled and reviewed. A preliminary manual was provided to affected individuals for feedback and input and the subsequent comments were formatted and incorporated into a final protocol recommendation. Two deliverables resulted from the current study including a hardcopy VEPR manual and website based on the information from the manual, http://info.envs.lsu.edu/vepr/. The guidance document provides pertinent information for pre-hurricane planning, weathering the physical storm, and post-hurricane recovery. Together the manual and website facilitate the widespread distribution of the emergency recommendations to the veterinary community and are expected to be a comprehensive source for specific disaster management materials. The VEPR manual and website are resources that can be used as tools to mitigate damaging affects, particularly to lessen the post-disaster burden on the staff and operations of veterinary clinics and hospitals. VEPR provides a foundation for the development of viable emergency preparedness and response protocols for other types of natural disasters. Updates of VEPR will be needed so as to assure that the recommended protocol continues to be timely for national and global applications

Fully Textile X-Ray Detectors Based on Fabric-Embedded Perovskite Crystals

The interest and thrust for wearable ionizing radiation dosimeters are rapidly growing, stimulated by a large number of different applications impacting on humankind, spanning from medicine to civil security and space missions. Lead halide perovskites are considered one of the most promising classes of novel materials for X-ray detectors due to their superior electronic and detection performance coupled with compatibility with solution-based printing processes, allowing fabrication onto flexible substrates. It is reported on fully textile perovskite-based direct X-ray detectors, where the photoactive layer is constituted by a silk-satin fabric functionalized with methylammonium lead bromide perovskite crystals embedded in the textile. The reliability of the proposed fabrication process, based on simple and low-tech deposition techniques adaptable to industrial printing technologies for textiles, is assessed by realizing different detector's architectures that exhibit comparable detection performances. Sensitivity values up to (12.2 +/- 0.6) mu C Gy(-1) cm(-2) and a limit of detection down to 3 mu Gy s(-1) are achieved, and low bias operation (down to 1 V) is demonstrated, validating wearable applications. Further, fully textile pixelated matrix X-ray sensors are implemented and tested, providing the proof of principle for large-area scalability

Direct X-ray photoconversion in flexible organic thin film devices operated below 1 v

The application of organic electronic materials for the detection of ionizing radiations is very appealing thanks to their mechanical flexibility, low-cost and simple processing in comparison to their inorganic counterpart. In this work we investigate the direct X-ray photoconversion process in organic thin film photoconductors. The devices are realized by drop casting solution-processed bis-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) onto flexible plastic substrates patterned with metal electrodes; they exhibit a strong sensitivity to X-rays despite the low X-ray photon absorption typical of low-Z organic materials. We propose a model, based on the accumulation of photogenerated charges and photoconductive gain, able to describe the magnitude as well as the dynamics of the X-ray-induced photocurrent. This finding allows us to fabricate and test a flexible 2 × 2 pixelated X-ray detector operating at 0.2 V, with gain and sensitivity up to 4.7 × 10 4 and 77,000 nC mGy 1 cm 3, respectively

Direct X-ray photoconversion in flexible organic thin film devices operated below 1 v

The application of organic electronic materials for the detection of ionizing radiations is very appealing thanks to their mechanical flexibility, low-cost and simple processing in comparison to their inorganic counterpart. In this work we investigate the direct X-ray photoconversion process in organic thin film photoconductors. The devices are realized by drop casting solution-processed bis-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) onto flexible plastic substrates patterned with metal electrodes; they exhibit a strong sensitivity to X-rays despite the low X-ray photon absorption typical of low-Z organic materials. We propose a model, based on the accumulation of photogenerated charges and photoconductive gain, able to describe the magnitude as well as the dynamics of the X-ray-induced photocurrent. This finding allows us to fabricate and test a flexible 2 × 2 pixelated X-ray detector operating at 0.2 V, with gain and sensitivity up to 4.7 × 10^4 and 77,000 nC mGy ^(-1) cm^(-3), respectively

Designing Ultraflexible Perovskite X-Ray Detectors through Interface Engineering

X-ray detectors play a pivotal role in development and advancement of humankind, from far-reaching impact in medicine to furthering the ability to observe distant objects in outer space. While other electronics show the ability to adapt to flexible and lightweight formats, state-of-the-art X-ray detectors rely on materials requiring bulky and fragile configurations, severely limiting their applications. Lead halide perovskites is one of the most rapidly advancing novel materials with success in the field of semiconductor devices. Here, an ultraflexible, lightweight, and highly conformable passively operated thin film perovskite X-ray detector with a sensitivity as high as 9.3 ± 0.5 µC Gy−1 cm−2 at 0 V and a remarkably low limit of detection of 0.58 ± 0.05 μGy s−1 is presented. Various electron and hole transporting layers accessing their individual impact on the detector performance are evaluated. Moreover, it is shown that this ultrathin form-factor allows for fabrication of devices detecting X-rays equivalently from front and back side

Molecular Weight Tuning of Organic Semiconductors for Curved Organic-Inorganic Hybrid X-Ray Detectors

Curved X-ray detectors have the potential to revolutionize diverse sectors due to benefits such as reduced image distortion and vignetting compared to their planar counterparts. While the use of inorganic semiconductors for curved detectors are restricted by their brittle nature, organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductors which incorporated bismuth oxide nanoparticles in an organic bulk heterojunction consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) are considered to be more promising in this regard. However, the influence of the P3HT molecular weight on the mechanical stability of curved, thick X-ray detectors remains less well understood. Herein, high P3HT molecular weights (>40 kDa) are identified to allow increased intermolecular bonding and chain entanglements, resulting in X-ray detectors that can be curved to a radius as low as 1.3 mm with low deviation in X-ray response under 100 repeated bending cycles while maintaining an industry-standard dark current of mu C Gy(-1) cm(-2). This study identifies a crucial missing link in the development of curved detectors, namely the importance of the molecular weight of the polymer semiconductors used

Roadmap on printable electronic materials for next-generation sensors

The dissemination of sensors is key to realizing a sustainable, ‘intelligent’ world, where everyday objects and environments are equipped with sensing capabilities to advance the sustainability and quality of our lives—e.g., via smart homes, smart cities, smart healthcare, smart logistics, Industry 4.0, and precision agriculture. The realization of the full potential of these applications critically depends on the availability of easy-to-make, low-cost sensor technologies. Sensors based on printable electronic materials offer the ideal platform: they can be fabricated through simple methods (e.g., printing and coating) and are compatible with high-throughput roll-to-roll processing. Moreover, printable electronic materials often allow the fabrication of sensors on flexible/stretchable/biodegradable substrates, thereby enabling the deployment of sensors in unconventional settings. Fulfilling the promise of printable electronic materials for sensing will require materials and device innovations to enhance their ability to transduce external stimuli—light, ionizing radiation, pressure, strain, force, temperature, gas, vapours, humidity, and other chemical and biological analytes. This Roadmap brings together the viewpoints of experts in various printable sensing materials—and devices thereof—to provide insights into the status and outlook of the field. Alongside recent materials and device innovations, the roadmap discusses the key outstanding challenges pertaining to each printable sensing technology. Finally, the Roadmap points to promising directions to overcome these challenges and thus enable ubiquitous sensing for a sustainable, ‘intelligent’ world

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mississippi River Coastal Watershed and Offshore Shoaling Regions of the Northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico and the coastal estuaries of south Louisiana have a history of contaminated sediments and their associated human and environmental impacts. Hydrocarbon chemical pollutants within five major estuaries of the Mississippi River watershed and three offshore shoaling regions were assessed. Ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three toxic equivalencies served as benchmark toxicants to investigate the impacts to sediments collected in years 2012 to 2014. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) methods to determine the concentrations of pollutants within the sediments. Relationships between the measured pollutants and associated environmental conditions, including salinity, organic matter, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and temporal and spatial variables, were determined. The most important physiochemical variables affecting PAH concentrations were sediment moisture and organic matter content. Year had a significant and negative effect on four of the ten quantified PAHs with concentrations decreasing over time. Eight of the thirteen measured constituents had concentrations that were significantly different between inshore and offshore sediments. Seven of the ten quantified constituents were significantly affected by seasonal variations; the fall season demonstrated significantly lower concentrations of the pollutants as compared to the spring and the spring season showed significantly higher concentrations of the pollutants as compared the summer. Six of the thirteen measured constituents were significantly different in terms of quantified concentrations of the pollutants between oiled and non-oiled sediment samples, based on Deepwater Horizon oil intrusion. In each instance, the concentrations of the pollutants in the sediments were greater at oiled sampling stations as compared to non-oiled locations. The Atchafalaya River transect had the highest predicted concentrations for nine of the thirteen measured constituents and seven out of thirteen showed offshore contaminant deposition at Ship Shoal due to the discharge of the Atchafalaya River. Lake Pontchartrain was the least polluted transect with the lowest predicted concentrations for seven of the thirteen constituents. This comprehensive research provides spatial and temporal data crucial for risk assessment and decision making concerning sediments in the Mississippi River delta ecosystem

Inkjet printing of transparent, flexible, organic transistors

Two different types of all-organic, transparent transistors, namely Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) and Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs), were fabricated on transparent, flexible plastic substrates by means of inkjet printing. In OTFTs the source, drain and gate electrodes were inkjet printed using a poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS ) solution, while a thermally sublimated layer of Parylene C acted as gate dielectric. Two kinds of organic semiconductors were used as active layers: 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene for p-type and N1400 for n-type OTFTs. For OECTs, all electrodes were also realized by inkjet printing deposition of a PEDOT:PSS solution. Electrical output characteristics of both kinds of devices are reported, demonstrating that the performances of our devices may be compared to those of transistors fabricated employing different realization techniques