Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of upper and lower limb motion during gait of post-stroke patients

The aim of this study was to analyze the alterations of arm and leg movements of patients during stroke gait. Joint angles of upper and lower limbs and spatiotemporal variables were evaluated in two groups: hemiparetic group (HG, 14 hemiparetic men, 53 ± 10 years) and control group (CG, 7 able-bodied men, 50 ± 4 years). The statistical analysis was based on the following comparisons (P ≤ 0.05): 1) right versus left sides of CG; 2) affected (AF) versus unaffected (UF) sides of HG; 3) CG versus both the affected and unaffected sides of HG, and 4) an intracycle comparison of the kinematic continuous angular variables between HG and CG. This study showed that the affected upper limb motion in stroke gait was characterized by a decreased range of motion of the glenohumeral (HG: 6.3 ± 4.5, CG: 20.1 ± 8.2) and elbow joints (AF: 8.4 ± 4.4, UF: 15.6 ± 7.6) on the sagittal plane and elbow joint flexion throughout the cycle (AF: 68.2 ± 0.4, CG: 46.8 ± 2.7). The glenohumeral joint presented a higher abduction angle (AF: 14.2 ± 1.6, CG: 11.5 ± 4.0) and a lower external rotation throughout the cycle (AF: 4.6 ± 1.2, CG: 22.0 ± 3.0). The lower limbs showed typical alterations of the stroke gait patterns. Thus, the changes in upper and lower limb motion of stroke gait were identified. The description of upper limb motion in stroke gait is new and complements gait analysis.53754

Two Different Methods For Kinematic Analysis Of Head Movements Relating To Eye-head Coordination In Infants

Background: Kinematic analysis is a method for quantitative assessment applied in different fields of study. In the field of motor development, this analysis may promote better understanding of the acquisition and development of motor skills. Objective: To develop and compare two experimental set-ups for kinematic analysis of head movements relating to eye-head coordination (EHC) in infants. Methods: Two experimental set-ups (A and B) were tested. They differed from each other regarding the numbers and locations of the cameras, and regarding the volume of the calibration system. Results: The accuracy of the two experimental set-ups was 2.47mm, thus indicating that both can provide realistic reconstructions of the movement. The three cameras used in set-up B made it possible to view the full range of motion with at least one of the cameras. This led to improvement of the qualitative analysis and reduction of the time taken to process quantitative data, which was 33% shorter than seen with set-up A. In addition, set-up B presented a better cost-benefit relationship. Conclusions: Although both set-ups were adequate for kinematic analysis of head movements relating to EHC in infants, set-up B is more advantageous. The methodology for set-up B can be used in studies investigating head movements in either typical or atypical infants. The results from such studies could be used to complement assessments on at-risk infants and consequently could assist in implementing early interventions.125425431Besier, T.F., Lloyd, D.G., Ackland, T.R., Cochrane, J.L., Antecipatory effects on knee joint loading during running and cutting maneuvers (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33 (7), pp. 1176-1181Lindquist, A.R.R., Silva, I.A.B., Barros, R.M.L., Mattioli, R., Salvini, T.F., A influência da estimulação elétrica funcional associada ao treinamento em esteira com suporte parcial de peso na marcha de hemiparéticos. (2005) Rev Bras Fisioter, 9 (1), pp. 109-112Lindquist, A.R.R., Prado, C.L., Barros, R.M.L., Mattioli, R., Costa, P.H.L., Salvini, T.F., Gait training combining partial body weight support, a treadmill, and functional electrical stimulation: Effects on poststroke gait (2007) Phys Ther, 87 (9), pp. 1144-1154Pieruccini-Faria, F., Menuchi, M.R.T.P., Vitorio, R., Gobbi, L.T.B., Stella, F., Gobbi, S., Parâmetros cinemáticos da marcha com obstáculos em idosos com doença de Parkinson, com e sem efeito da levodopa: Um estudo piloto. (2006) Rev Bras Fisioter, 10 (2), pp. 233-239Silva, J.B.F., Barros, R.M.L., Análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos sintomas de antecipação nas ações motoras de crianças. (2000) Rev Bras Cien Mov, 8 (2), pp. 19-24Barela, J.A., Godoi, D., Freitas, P.B., Polastri, P.F., Visual information and body sway coupling in infants during sitting acquisition (2000) Infant Behav Dev, 23 (3-4), pp. 285-297Barela, J.A., Jeka, J.J., Clark, J.E., Postural control in children: Coupling to dynamic somatosensory information (2003) Exp Brain Res, 150 (4), pp. 434-442Toledo, D.R., Rinaldi, N.M., Barela, J.A., Controle postural em crianças: Efeito da manipulação da informação visual discreta. (2006) Revista Brasileira de Comportamento Motor, 1 (1), pp. 82-88Godoi, D., Barela, J.A., Body sway and sensory motor coupling adaptation in children: Effects of distance manipulation (2008) Dev Psychobiol, 50 (1), pp. 77-87Thelen, E., Spencer, J.P., Postural control during reaching in young infants: A dynamic system approach (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 22 (4), pp. 507-514Fallang, B., Saugstad, O.D., Hadders-Algra, M., Goal directed reaching and postural control in supine position in healthy infants (2000) Behav Brain Res, 115 (1), pp. 9-18Rocha, N.A., Silva, F.P., Tudella, E., The impact of object size and rigidity on infant reaching (2006) Infant Behav Dev, 29 (2), pp. 251-261Rocha, N.A., Silva, F.P., Tudella, E., Influência do tamanho e da rigidez dos objetos nos ajustes proximais e distais do alcance de lactentes. (2006) Rev Bras Fisioter, 10 (3), pp. 263-269Carvalho, R.P., Tudella, E., Savelsbergh, G.J., Spatio-temporal parameters in infant's reaching movements are in. uenced by body orientation (2007) Infant Behav Dev, 30 (1), pp. 26-35Carvalho, R.P., Tudella, E., Caljouw, S.R., Savelsbergh, G.J., Early control of reaching: Effects of experience and body orientation (2008) Infant Behav Dev, 31 (1), pp. 23-33Bly, L., (1994) Motor skills acquisition in the first year, , San Antonio, Texas: Therapy Skills Builders;Erhardt, R.P., Developmental visual dysfunction (1993) Model for assessment and management. Maplewood, , MN: Therapy Skill Builders;von Hofsten, C., Rosander, K., The development of gaze control and predictive tracking in young infants (1996) Vision Res, 36 (1), pp. 81-96von Hofsten, C., Rosander, K., Development of smooth pursuit tracking in young infants (1997) Vison Res, 37 (13), pp. 1799-1810Bertenthal, B., von Hofsten, C., Eye, head and trunk control: The foundation for manual development (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 22 (4), pp. 515-520Barros, R.M.L., Brenzikofer, R., Leite, N.J., Figueiroa, P.J., Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema para análise cinemática tridimensional de movimentos humanos. (1999) Rev Bras Eng Biomed, 15 (1-2), pp. 79-86Landgraf JF. Efeitos do acréscimo de peso nos chutes espontâneos de lactentes nos primeiros 2 meses de vida [dissertação de mestrado]. São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde2006Carvalho RP. A influência da postura corporal no movimento de alcance manual em lactentes de 4 meses de vida [dissertação de mestrado]. São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde2004Carvalho, R.P., Tudella, E., Barros, R.M.L., Utilização do sistema Dvideow na análise cinemática do alcance manual de lactentes. (2005) Rev Bras Fisioter, 9 (1), pp. 41-47Andrade LA. Análise da marcha: protocolo experimental a partir de variáveis cinemáticas e antropométricas [dissertação de mestrado]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física2002Andrade, L.M., Araújo, A.G.N., Barros, R.M.L., Análise de marcha: Protocolo experimental para posicionamento e orientação dos segmentos do corpo humano baseado em sistemas de marcas técnicas. (2004) Revista Brasileira de Biomecânica, 5 (8), pp. 33-40Keller, F.J., Gettys, W.E., Skove, M.J., (1997) Física, , São Paulo, SP: Makron Books;Fantz, R.L., Patterns vision in newborn infants (1963) Science, 140 (3564), pp. 296-297Figueiroa, P.J., Leite, N.J., Barros, R.M., A flexible software for tracking of markers used in human motion analysis (2003) Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 72 (2), pp. 155-165Barros, R.M., Russomanno, T.G., Brenzikofer, R., Figueroa, P.J., A method to synchronise video cameras using the audio band (2006) J Biomech, 39 (4), pp. 776-78

Three-dimensional cinematic analysis of the horse movement in treadmill

A methodology used for the study of human movement was adapted to analyze the movement of equines in a high performance treadmill. An electronic high precision theodolite was used to construct a calibration system to demarcate the volume occupied by the animal. It was taken the three dimensions coordinates of each marker present in the calibrator, composing the calibration archive. Two video cameras (60 Hz) were located approximately 5m from the left lateral side of the treadmill at 1.8m height. The images had been fit using a video monitor. For the validation of the method, a member of the team moved into the calibrated space, a 43.8cm long rigid stick with markers settled in its extremities. For the analysis of the images, the Dvideow program developed by the Laboratório de Instrumentação para Biomecânica - UNICAMP was used. After the three-dimensional reconstruction of the images, the calculation of the distance between the markers of the stick was done in 100 frames. The mean was 43.7 cm with a variation coefficient of 0.8%. These results confirm that this methodology is precise and adequate for the study of the locomotion in horses.Adaptou-se uma metodologia utilizada no estudo do movimento humano para analisar o movimento de eqüinos em esteira rolante de alto desempenho, construindo-se um sistema de calibração utilizando-se um teodolito eletrônico de alta precisão e calibradores que demarcavam o espaço ocupado pelo animal. Dessa forma, foram obtidas as coordenadas espaciais dos marcadores presentes nos calibradores, compondo o arquivo de calibração. Duas câmeras de vídeo (60Hz) foram posicionadas em vista lateral esquerda, distantes 5m da manta de rolagem da esteira a 1,8m de altura. As imagens foram enquadradas utilizando-se um monitor de vídeo. Para a validação do método, um membro da equipe movimentou, no espaço calibrado, uma haste rígida com marcadores fixados nas suas extremidades, distantes um do outro 43,8cm. Para a análise das imagens, utilizou-se o programa Dvideow, desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Instrumentação para Biomecânica - UNICAMP. Após a reconstrução tridimensional das imagens utilizou-se um programa matemático para o cálculo do valor médio da distância entre os marcadores. Obteve-se, após a mensuração em 100 quadros, o valor médio de 43,7cm com coeficiente de variação de 0,8%. Estes resultados mostram que a metodologia desenvolvida é precisa e adequada para o estudo da locomoção de eqüinos.86286

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of upper and lower limb motion during gait of post-stroke patients

The aim of this study was to analyze the alterations of arm and leg movements of patients during stroke gait. Joint angles of upper and lower limbs and spatiotemporal variables were evaluated in two groups: hemiparetic group (HG, 14 hemiparetic men, 53 ± 10 years) and control group (CG, 7 able-bodied men, 50 ± 4 years). The statistical analysis was based on the following comparisons (P ≤ 0.05): 1) right versus left sides of CG; 2) affected (AF) versus unaffected (UF) sides of HG; 3) CG versus both the affected and unaffected sides of HG, and 4) an intracycle comparison of the kinematic continuous angular variables between HG and CG. This study showed that the affected upper limb motion in stroke gait was characterized by a decreased range of motion of the glenohumeral (HG: 6.3 ± 4.5, CG: 20.1 ± 8.2) and elbow joints (AF: 8.4 ± 4.4, UF: 15.6 ± 7.6) on the sagittal plane and elbow joint flexion throughout the cycle (AF: 68.2 ± 0.4, CG: 46.8 ± 2.7). The glenohumeral joint presented a higher abduction angle (AF: 14.2 ± 1.6, CG: 11.5 ± 4.0) and a lower external rotation throughout the cycle (AF: 4.6 ± 1.2, CG: 22.0 ± 3.0). The lower limbs showed typical alterations of the stroke gait patterns. Thus, the changes in upper and lower limb motion of stroke gait were identified. The description of upper limb motion in stroke gait is new and complements gait analysis