Délais de paiement et solde du crédit interentreprises de 1990 à 2004.

délais de paiement, délais clients, crédit fournisseurs, crédit interentreprises.

HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS-COOLED REACTOR CRITICAL EXPERIMENT AND ITS APPLICATION

Two types of critical experiments were conducted in support of the 40- Mw(e) Peach Bottom HTGR nucleardesign program. The first was the test-lattice experiment, where detailed measurements of reaction rates were examined in a lattice having a cold neutron spectrum characteristic of the HTGR. This program provided a method for checking the resonance integral of thorium, the Doppler coeificient of thorium, the detailed flux distribution in the lattice, and control-rod effectiveness within a cell. The second experiment was designed as a gross test of the calculational procedures and data. A small critical experiment having a clean geometry and a composition similar to that of the HTGR was constructed. This assembly had approximately one-sixth the volume of the HTGR core and was surrounded on all sides by a 2-ft graphite reflector. Owing to the small core size and the large reflector area, this experiment provided a severe test of the calculational methods. Experiments with this facility encompassed reactivity-coefficient measurements, neutron-flux distributions, effectiveness of groups of control rods, and a measurement of the overall temperature coefficient. (N.W.R.

Modulation of steroidogenesis by Actaea racemosa and vitamin C combination, in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model : promising activity without the risk of hepatic adverse effect

Background: Complementary remedies such as the Chinese herb 'Sheng Ma' (Black cohosh; Actaea racemosa 'AR') are being sought to overcome the shortcomings of conventional hormonal and surgical therapies developed for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, AR-induced hepatotoxicity necessitates a cautionary warning to be labeled on its products as recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia, where four out of seven hepatotoxic cases in Sweden were possibly associated with black cohosh products. Methods: We investigated the effects, safety, and molecular targets of black cohosh ethanolic extract and/or vitamin C on ovarian functionality and oxidative response in hyperandrogenism-induced PCOS rats. A well-established rat model using oral letrozole, daily, for 21 days was employed. The rats then received the AR extract with and without vitamin C for 28 days. The hormonal evaluation, antioxidant status, histopathological examination, immunohistochemical analysis, cell proliferation, and the expression ratio of the aromatase (Cyp19α1) gene were evaluated. Additionally, holistic profiling of the AR arsenal of secondary metabolites was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). Results: Beneficial effects were exerted by AR in PCOS rats as antioxidant status, hormonal profile, lipid profile, glucose level, liver functions, and the induced Ki-67 expression in the granulosa, theca cell layers and interstitial stromal cells were all improved. Notably, the combination of AR with vitamin C was not only more effective in reversing the dysregulated levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and mRNA level of Cyp19α1 gene in the PCOS rat, but also safer. The combination regulated both ovarian and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels with histological improvement observed in the liver and ovaries. In addition, the untargeted metabolomic profiling enabled the identification of 61 metabolites allocated in five major chemical classes. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the benefit of the combinatorial effects of AR and vitamin C in mitigating the reproductive and metabolic disorders associated with PCOS with the elimination of AR hepatotoxic risk

ToppCluster: a multiple gene list feature analyzer for comparative enrichment clustering and network-based dissection of biological systems

ToppCluster is a web server application that leverages a powerful enrichment analysis and underlying data environment for comparative analyses of multiple gene lists. It generates heatmaps or connectivity networks that reveal functional features shared or specific to multiple gene lists. ToppCluster uses hypergeometric tests to obtain list-specific feature enrichment P-values for currently 17 categories of annotations of human-ortholog genes, and provides user-selectable cutoffs and multiple testing correction methods to control false discovery. Each nameable gene list represents a column input to a resulting matrix whose rows are overrepresented features, and individual cells per-list P-values and corresponding genes per feature. ToppCluster provides users with choices of tabular outputs, hierarchical clustering and heatmap generation, or the ability to interactively select features from the functional enrichment matrix to be transformed into XGMML or GEXF network format documents for use in Cytoscape or Gephi applications, respectively. Here, as example, we demonstrate the ability of ToppCluster to enable identification of list-specific phenotypic and regulatory element features (both cis-elements and 3′UTR microRNA binding sites) among tissue-specific gene lists. ToppCluster’s functionalities enable the identification of specialized biological functions and regulatory networks and systems biology-based dissection of biological states. ToppCluster can be accessed freely at http://toppcluster.cchmc.org

ToppGene Suite for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization

ToppGene Suite (http://toppgene.cchmc.org; this web site is free and open to all users and does not require a login to access) is a one-stop portal for (i) gene list functional enrichment, (ii) candidate gene prioritization using either functional annotations or network analysis and (iii) identification and prioritization of novel disease candidate genes in the interactome. Functional annotation-based disease candidate gene prioritization uses a fuzzy-based similarity measure to compute the similarity between any two genes based on semantic annotations. The similarity scores from individual features are combined into an overall score using statistical meta-analysis. A P-value of each annotation of a test gene is derived by random sampling of the whole genome. The protein–protein interaction network (PPIN)-based disease candidate gene prioritization uses social and Web networks analysis algorithms (extended versions of the PageRank and HITS algorithms, and the K-Step Markov method). We demonstrate the utility of ToppGene Suite using 20 recently reported GWAS-based gene–disease associations (including novel disease genes) representing five diseases. ToppGene ranked 19 of 20 (95%) candidate genes within the top 20%, while ToppNet ranked 12 of 16 (75%) candidate genes among the top 20%

Premier éclairage sur les petites et moyennes entreprises de l’industrie française en 2005 à partir de l’échantillon Centrale de bilans.

Les premiers résultats de l’enquête annuelle sur l’évolution des comptes des PME de l’industrie au cours de l’année écoulée sont marqués par une stabilisation de la contrainte de solvabilité.PME, industrie manufacturière, agroalimentaire, biens de consommation, industrie automobile, biens intermédiaires, biens d’équipement.