Underinvoicing of exports, overinvoicing of imports, and the dollar premium on the black market

This paper is divided in two parts. The first is a theoretical development of the question of under or overinvoicing of exports and imports within the context of a model of choice between risky and secure assets. The second part attempts to ascertain the empirical evidence for the Brazilian economy. It is concluded that the hypothesis that the black market dollar premium plays a role in this process can not be rejected.

On the phase transitions of graph coloring and independent sets

We study combinatorial indicators related to the characteristic phase transitions associated with coloring a graph optimally and finding a maximum independent set. In particular, we investigate the role of the acyclic orientations of the graph in the hardness of finding the graph's chromatic number and independence number. We provide empirical evidence that, along a sequence of increasingly denser random graphs, the fraction of acyclic orientations that are `shortest' peaks when the chromatic number increases, and that such maxima tend to coincide with locally easiest instances of the problem. Similar evidence is provided concerning the `widest' acyclic orientations and the independence number

Multi-PBil: an estimation distribution algorithm applied to multimodal optimization problems

The Estimation Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) compose an evolutionary metaheuristic whose main characteristic is the construction of solutions in randomly form, using a distribution of probabilities that evolves during the execution. The Population-Based Incremental Learning Algorithm (PBIL) is a type of EDA where the variables are independent, that is, they do not have significant interactions between themselves. The PBIL considers that the solutions can be represented as vectors of discrete variables, what makes it more adequate for combinatorial optimization problems. This paper presents a method called Multi-PBil that is an extension of PBIL with applications in multimodal problems. The Multi-PBil was developed with the goal to have an efficient and non expensive algorithm of search in multimodal spaces. From PBIL, it was implemented a routine that allows the Multi-PBil to create a probability model to act in the search space. A formula that allows initiating the probability models in regions of the search space next to the searched global points was applied in the process of the probability model initialization rule. The Multi-PBil method was tested and analyzed, presenting some experimental results that highlight its viability and characteristics. It is also shown a comparison of the performance between the Multi-PBil and a traditional Genetic Algorithm using the sharing method.VII Workshop de Agentes y Sistemas Inteligentes (WASI)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Hormonal control of pituitary adenomas by transsphenoidal surgery: results of the first five years of experience

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados iniciais de uma equipe cirúrgica no controle hormonal dos adenomas hipofisários secretores. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Em cinco anos, foram operados 51 adenomas secretores (31 GH, 14 ACTH, 5 prolactina, 1 TSH). O controle hormonal foi GH basal < 2,5 ng/dL, cortisol livre urinário normal, redução dos níveis de prolactina, e T3 e T4 livre normais. RESULTADOS: As taxas de controle foram 36% na acromegalia e 57% no Cushing. Dois prolactinomas (40%) normalizaram a prolactina. Os hormônios tiroidianos normalizaram no adenoma secretor de TSH. O controle do hipercortisolismo correlacionou-se com o tempo de experiência da equipe (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados, limitados aos primeiros anos de experiência cirúrgica, situam-se abaixo da variação reportada em grandes casuísticas com maior tempo de experiência. Ao longo do tempo, observou-se melhora progressiva nos níveis de cortisol urinário no pós-operatório inicial da doença de Cushing em função da experiência cirúrgica.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial results of a surgical team in the hormonal control of secreting pituitary adenomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In five years 51 functioning adenomas were operated (31 GH-secreting, 14 ACTH-secreting, 5 PRL-secreting and 1 TSH-secreting). Hormonal control was defined as GH < 2,5 ng/mL, normal free-urinary cortisol, lower prolactin and normal T3 and FT4. RESULTS: Control rates were 36% in acromegaly, and 57% in Cushing's disease. Two prolactinomas normalized prolactin levels. Thyroid hormone levels were normalized in the TSH-secreting adenoma. Control of hypercortisolism was positively correlated with years of experience (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results, although restricted to the beginning of our experience, lie below the reported range of other surgical series with much longer experience. During these years, there was a significant improvement in initial post surgery urinary cortisol levels in Cushing's disease as a function of surgical experience

Adenovirus conjunctivitis diagnosis using RPS Adenodetector®

PURPOSE: To evaluate the RPS Adenodetector®, a rapid immunochromatographic test, in the diagnosis of patients with clinical overt adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: Consecutive case series. Patients underwent conjunctiva scraping for RPS Adenodetector® test and culture to identify adenovirus. RESULTS: A total of 11 patients were studied, and 10 had unilateral disease. Five (45.5%) had symptoms for 2 days, 5 for three days, and 1 for 7 days. Adenovirus culture was positive in 8 patients (73%) and RPS Adenodetector® was positive in 9 (82%) patients. Eight patients had adenovirus identification by both methods. In one patient the RPS Adenodetector® was positive in contrast to a negative culture. The two patients revealing negative RPS Adenodetector® results also had negative cultures. The sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 67%. CONCLUSION: The RPS Adenodetector® is a useful tool in the rapid diagnosis of adenovirus conjunctivitis and may contribute to the spread control of this highly contagious disease.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização do RPS Adenodetector®, como método diagnóstico de pacientes com quadro clínico de conjuntivite adenoviral. MÉTODOS: Análise de série de casos consecutivos de pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de ceratoconjuntivite adenoviral submetidos comparativamente ao teste RPS Adenodetector® e a raspado conjuntival para cultura de vírus. RESULTADOS: Dos 11 pacientes avaliados, 10 pacientes apresentavam acometimento unilateral. Em relação ao tempo de início dos sintomas no momento da colheita, 5 (45,5%) pacientes apresentavam dois dias de história, 5 (45,5%) apresentavam três dias e 1 (9,1%) apresentava 7 dias. A cultura para adenovírus foi positiva em 8 pacientes (73%) e o RPS Adenodetector® foi positivo em 9 pacientes (82%). Oito pacientes apresentaram o teste rápido e cultura positiva. Um paciente apresentou teste RPS Adenodetector® positivo com cultura negativa. Os dois pacientes com teste RPS Adenodetector® negativo apresentaram cultura negativa. O RPS Adenodetector® mostrou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 67% adotando-se a cultura de vírus como exame padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de conjuntivite adenoviral. CONCLUSÃO: O RPS Adenodetector® foi útil para o diagnóstico de conjuntivite adenoviral e pode auxiliar na orientação do paciente quanto ao contágio e disseminação da doença.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de OftalmologiaSecretaria do Estado da Saúde Instituto Adolfo LutzUNIFESP Departamento de OftalmologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de OftalmologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de OftalmologiaSciEL

Kinesiotherapy prevents shoulder pain in hemiplegic/paretic patients on sub-acute stage post-stroke

BACKGROUND: Painful shoulder is considered the most common complication of hemiplegic/parethic (H/P) stroke patients. It is a negative factor for neuromotor recovery. PURPOSE: To study the effects of kinesiotherapy treatment on shoulder pain prevention, and as a secondary endpoints, to analyze muscle strength of H/P shoulder looking at basic functional active mobility. METHOD: Twenty one inpatients (12 men, 9 women) aged 26 to 87 years, with post-stroke H/P were submitted to thirty minutes daily program kinesiotherapy, started at 48 hours post-stroke up to their hospital discharge. Patients were evaluated pre and post treatment according to the presence or absence of shoulder pain, movements and shoulder strength, and for presence or absence of basic functional movements. RESULTS: No patient complaining of shoulder pain at the hospital discharge (p<0.001). The muscle strength improved signifcantly for elevation, protusion, abduction and flexion of the shoulder (p<0.001). There was improvement also for functional mobility on moving from dorsal to lateral recumb, from lateral recumb to a seated position and in keeping the seated position (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Kinesiotherapy in acute phase of stroke prevented shoulder pain.CONTEXTO: Ombro doloroso é freqüente em pacientes com hemiplegia/hemiparesia (H/P) por acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), dificultando a recuperação neuromotora gerando incapacidade funcional. OBJETIVO: Estudar tratamento fisioterapêutico para a prevenção da dor no ombro com H/P em pacientes com AVE na fase sub-aguda, e analisar desfechos secundários (força muscular do ombro acometido e movimentos funcionais ativos básicos). MÉTODO: Estudaram-se 21 pacientes (12 homens, 9 mulheres; idades 26 a 87 anos) com H/P. O tratamento fisioterapêutico consistiu de 30 minutos diários de cinesioterapia, desde as 48 horas após o AVE até a alta hospitalar. Os pacientes foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento em relação à presença ou ausência de dor no ombro H/P, à força dos diversos grupos musculares do ombro e quanto aos movimentos funcionais de transferência e manutenção postural básica. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente apresentava dor no ombro H/P na alta (p<0,001). A força muscular aumentou significativamente em relação à elevação, protusão, abdução e flexão do ombro (p<0,001). Houve melhora dos movimentos funcionais: decúbito dorsal para lateral, decúbito lateral para sentado e manter-se sentado (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A cinesioterapia na fase aguda do AVE preveniu a dor no ombro H/P e favoreceu a recuperação motora.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade de MaríliaFaculdade de Medicina de MaríliaUNIFESPSciEL

The Language Studies in Strategy as Practice and the Middle Manager Roles: An Essay

This theoretical essay presents a bibliographic research about language and strategy-as-practice by middle management with the goal of answer the research question: how does language contribute with the strategy implementation by middle manager? The middle management studies and language concepts were regarded into a theoretical essay where the language and strategy-as-practice paradigms are confronted. We understand that language can be reckoned as a central character to be studied concerning middle managers work playing different roles that can be assumed as: championing alternatives, facilitating adaptability, synthesizing information and implementing deliberate strategy and through language that the multiple languages can be adapted and the strategizing work can be done. The implications of this essay limit itself by the theoretical and not empirical aspect, but it opens ways to future research lines, theoretical or empirical studies, that can contribute to this study field or to middle manager strategizing practices researches

Liberalização do comércio, integração regional e Mercado Comum do Sul: o papel do Brasil

RESUMO Este artigo adota uma abordagem evolutiva e sistêmica da questão da integração regional na América Latina, revisando os principais instrumentos de comércio preferencial na região, desde a experiência da LAIA (Associação de Integração Latino-Americana, Aladi) até o mercado comum do sul (Mercosul), e seu estágio intermediário, o programa de integração Argentina-Brasil. Especial atenção é dada à posição do Brasil, sendo o principal parceiro no comércio intrarregional dos países membros da Aladi e o país-chave para o sucesso do Mercosul, o experimento mais recente no processo de integração latino-americana. Os acordos comerciais preferenciais de Aladi foram profundamente afetados por suas crises econômicas dos anos 80, que atingiram praticamente todos os seus países membros, reduzindo assim os fluxos comerciais intrarregionais e as virtudes de criação de comércio de seu principal mecanismo multilateral, o Preferência Tarifária Regional (PTR). Em meados da década de 80, o Brasil e a Argentina já haviam decidido iniciar um novo processo de integração bilateral, que expandiu e abarcou os acordos setoriais assinados sob a estrutura Aladi. Após concordar com os procedimentos institucionais do processo de integração bilateral, os dois países negociaram e concluíram um Acordo de Complementação Econômica (ACE), que se tornou a base do Tratado de Assunção, assinado em março de 1991 com a adesão do Paraguai e Uruguai. O novo experimento de integração sub-regional ocorre no meio dos processos de liberalização do comércio e do desmantelamento das políticas de substituição de importações nos quatro países