Validating Geologic Storage Potential in the Midwestern USA through Multiple Field Demonstrations

AbstractThe Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) is implementing an integrated effort to validate the geologic storage potential in the Midwestern states within the USA through multiple field demonstrations. Validation of the geologic storage potential in this area requires regional geologic exploration along with site-specific demonstrations of CO2 injection and monitoring. These demonstrations are being conducted in collaboration with energy companies in Appalachian Basin, Michigan Basin, and Cincinnati Arch geologic regions. Each field test incorporates extensive characterization, reservoir modeling, permitting, outreach, injection and monitoring in a deep saline reservoir setting. The progress that has been achieved during the past year, including the evaluation of injection at two test sites, is presented

Mental health practitioner experiences of engaging with service users in community mental health settings: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence

Introduction: Effective mental health care is dependent on engaging service users, but some individuals do not actively attend appointments, and may stop engaging with mental health services. Quantitative studies reveal some salient factors that seem to predict engagement but these studies miss the nuances of good clinical practice in this area. A number of qualitative studies of health professionals’ experiences and understanding of effective engagement have been published. Aim: This review aimed to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise results from these studies with a view to informing effective practice in this area. Methods: Electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and AMED were searched (PROSPERO systematic review protocol registry (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; ID CRD42017083976). Of 799 records, ten papers met the inclusion criteria. All papers were subjected to quality appraisal based on the CASP checklist and data systematically extracted. A thematic synthesis of included studies examining mental health practitioners’ experiences of engagement in community mental health settings was conducted. Results: Mental health practitioners see engaging service users as depending upon complex, multi-dimensional phenomena which should include individualised person-centred approaches as well as practical, social and clinical support. Mental health practitioners demonstrate qualities such as determination and adaptability to establish and maintain engagement with service users.Implications for practice: As a core aspect of nurse education, registered mental health nurses and other professionals would benefit from systematic guidance regarding engagement strategies. Most studies in this review focused on assertive outreach or community mental health teams, more clarification is needed of practitioner's engagement experiences in early intervention settings.Key words Systematic Literature Reviews, Staff Perceptions, Qualitative Methodology, Therapeutic Relationships, Social Support.<br/

Synthetic Peptide Analyses of the Surface Glycoproteins of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus.

Previous investigations have characterized both the genomic and antigenic variations in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) surface glycoproteins that arise during replication of the virus. DNA sequence analyses have defined regions of conserved and variable sequences localized in the EIAV envelope glycoproteins. These studies indicate that EIAV persistence and periodicity of clinical disease result from the relatively rapid evolution of antigenic variants which allows the virus to temporarily circumvent the host immune response. The primary objective of this work is the complete characterization of the immunogenic components of the EIAV env-encoded surface unit (SU) and transmembrane (TM) glycoproteins. These surface glycoproteins have been purified by reverse-phase HPLC and directly sequenced to determine cellular processing events in the generation of these critical immunogens. Synthetic peptides have been synthesized and employed in immune binding assays to correlate equine immune reactivity to various neutralizing, nonneutralizing, conserved and variable epitopes of the SU and TM proteins. Sera from both experimentally and naturally EIAV infected animals were utilized in these studies. The relationship between amino acid sequence variations and the observed differences in protein antigenicity has been evaluated. In addition, selected peptides were employed to follow the evolution of glycoprotein-specific humoral responses during the course of virulent and avirulent EIAV chronic infections. Lastly, protein conformational models based on a battery of predictive algorithms have been developed to aid in the elucidation of structural motifs which may contribute to protein immunogenicity. The results of these studies provide a detailed map of EIAV surface glycoproteins immunogenic properties and localize key antigenic determinants in natural and experimental EIAV persistent infections. Immunodominant conserved regions have been identified which may prove useful as antigens for diagnostic testing and potential subunit vaccine candidates have been elucidated. These studies demonstrate the relevance of EIAV as an animal model system for developing and evaluating lentivirus vaccine strategies, including that of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Roughness of enamel surfaces after different bonding and debonding procedures: An in vitro study

Background and Aim: Maintaining an intact enamel surface is an essential aspect of orthodontic therapy; however, various therapeutic measures can affect this surface. The aim of our study was to evaluate roughness of the enamel surface after different conditioning and polishing procedures. Materials and Methods: 42 bovine incisors were submitted to conventional abrasion (using 37% phosphoric acid), to air abrasion, and a combination of the two. Brackets were put in place and then debonded, and the remaining adhesive removed with a carbide bur or via air abrasion. The enamel surface's roughness was assessed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results: Mean roughness (Ra) was 33.1. There were no statistically significant differences among the six groups, or in Rq values. Under CLSM, the roughness after polishing via air abrasion appeared even. Although it was macroscopically smoother after polishing with a carbide bur, the surface showed a wave-like pattern. Conclusion: The method of enamel conditioning revealed no significant effect on the enamel surface after debonding. Neither polishing via air abrasion nor carbide bur resulted in differences in superficial roughness. However, the carbide bur left a wave-like pattern on the enamel surfac

Epidemiology of population mortality related to falls in california 2000–2016: an increasing challenge for EMS

Background: Falls mortality increases with age and the U.S. population is aging steadily. This study examined the epidemiology of mortality in California this century due to unintentional falls. Method: Deaths caused by falls were extracted from California Department of Public Health data. Yearly Californian population estimates from the California Department of Finance were used to calculate the incidence of falls mortality. Results: There were 32 276 deaths attributed to falls, out of 618,589,117 person-years. Deaths at age ≥60 years accounted for 26 669 (83%). There were 15% more deaths during winter months, compared with summer. From age 70 mortality approximately doubled every five additional years of age. The age-adjusted falls mortality rate per 1 00 000 person-years (against the 2000 U.S. Standard Population) increased over 2000–2016 from 3.0 to 4.5 in females and from 8.9 to 9.8 in males. The number of falls deaths increased by a mean 77 per year, (95% CI 72, 83, R2=0.98, p<0.0001), doubling from 1251 in 2000 to 2582 in 2016. Conclusion: It may be prudent for EMS in California to anticipate continued increases in falls mortality. If the annual number of falls-related deaths continues to climb by an average of 77 deaths per year, then California will experience more than 3000 falls deaths per year sometime between 2025 and 2030. Recent increases were partly driven by a combination of increasing population and changes in the age distribution, however, age-adjusted mortality rates also increased, especially in females and older age groups. Conflict of interest None. Funding None

A scoping review to determine the barriers and facilitators to initiation and performance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation during emergency calls

Background: To maximise out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients’ survival, bystanders should perform continuous, good quality cardiopul- monary resuscitation (CPR) until ambulance arrival. Objectives: To identify published literature describing barriers and facilitators between callers and call-takers, which affect initiation and perfor- mance (continuation and quality) of bystander CPR (B-CPR) throughout the OHCA emergency call. Eligibility criteria: Studies were included if they reported on the population (emergency callers and call-takers), concept (psychological, physical and communication barriers and facilitators impacting the initiation and performance of B-CPR) and context (studies that analysed OHCA emergency calls). Sources of evidence: Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Scopus and ProQuest were searched from inception to 9 March 2022. Charting methods: Study characteristics were extracted and presented in a narrative format accompanied by summary tables. Results: Thirty studies identified factors that impacted B-CPR initiation or performance during the emergency call. Twenty-eight studies described barriers to the provision of CPR instructions and CPR initiation, with prominent themes being caller reluctance (psychological), physical ability (phys- ical), and callers hanging up the phone prior to CPR instructions (communication). There was little evidence examining barriers and facilitators to ongoing CPR performance (2 studies) or CPR quality (2 studies). Conclusions: This scoping review using emergency calls as the source, described barriers to the provision of B-CPR instructions and B-CPR ini- tiation. Further research is needed to explore facilitators and barriers to B-CPR continuation and quality throughout the emergency call, and to exam- ine the effectiveness of call-taker strategies to motivate callers to perform B-CPR

Emotions in telephone calls to emergency medical services involving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A scoping review

Aims: The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and synthesise existing research evidence on emotions in the context of emergency phone calls to emergency medical services (EMS) involving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The specific objectives were to identify studies that (1) described emotions during emergency OHCA calls; (2) specified an instrument or method for measuring/assessing emotions; and (3) examined the relationship between emotions and call outcomes or patient outcomes. Methods/Data sources: Five databases were searched on 18 November 2021: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Review Database. Included studies required the following three concepts to be addressed: emotions in the context of EMS calls that involved OHCA. Calls also needed to be made by a ‘second-party’ caller; and each study needed to address at least one of the three specific objectives, as outlined above. The review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for evidence synthesis for scoping reviews. Results: Thirteen eligible studies were included for synthesis. All studies met Objective 1; six studies met Objective 2; and seven met Objective 3. One study reported patient fatality due to heightened emotions and ensuing ineffective communications between callers and call-takers. Conclusion: The review highlights a significant gap in the evidence base of emotions in emergency OHCA-related calls, and the need for a more comprehensive and effective method in assessing and measuring emotions in this context. Relationships between emotions (their expressions and perceptions) and call outcomes (including patient outcomes) also need more rigorous investigation

Trends in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence, patient characteristics and survival over 18 years in Perth, Western Australia

Objectives: To investigate trends in the incidence, characteristics, and survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in the Perth metropolitan area between 2001 and 2018. Methods: We calculated the crude incidence rate, age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) and age- and sex-specific incidence rates (per 100,000 population) for OHCA of presumed cardiac aetiology. ASIRs were calculated using the direct method of standardisation using the 2001 Australian Population standard. Survival was assessed at return of spontaneous circulation at emergency department arrival and at 30 days. Temporal trends in patient and arrest characteristics were assessed with logistic regression, while trends in incidence were assessed using Joinpoint regression. Survival trends were assessed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 18,417 OHCAs of presumed cardiac aetiology were attended by emergency medical services in Perth between 2001 and 2018. Overall, there were no significant changes in the crude or ASIR of OHCA over the study period, although OHCA incidence in 15–39 year-old males increased by 12.5% annually between 2011 and 2018. Both bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and bystander defibrillation increased over the study period, while the proportion of shockable arrests declined. Thirty-day OHCA survival improved significantly over time, with the odds of survival (in bystander-witnessed, initial shockable rhythm arrests) improving 12% (95% CI, 9.0% to 14.0%) annually, from 8.4% in 2001 to 44.0% in 2018. Conclusion: Overall, there were no significant trends in OHCA incidence over the study period, although arrests in 15–39 year-old males increased significantly after 2011. There were significant improvements in 30-day survival between 2001 and 2018

Elucidation of the Rotavirus NSP4-Caveolin-1 and -Cholesterol Interactions Using Synthetic Peptides

Rotavirus (RV) NSP4, the first described viral enterotoxin, is a multifunctional glycoprotein that contributes to viral pathogenesis, morphogenesis, and replication. NSP4 binds both termini of caveolin-1 and is isolated from caveolae fractions that are rich in anionic phospholipids and cholesterol. These interactions indicate that cholesterol/caveolin-1 plays a role in NSP4 transport to the cell surface, which is essential to its enterotoxic activity. Synthetic peptides were utilized to identify target(s) of intervention by exploring the NSP4-caveolin-1 and -cholesterol interactions. NSP4112–140 that overlaps the caveolin-1 binding domain and a cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif and both termini of caveolin-1 (N-caveolin-12–20,  19–40 and C-caveolin-1161–180) were synthesized. Direct fluorescence-binding assays were employed to determine binding affinities of the NSP4-caveolin-1 peptides and cholesterol. Intracellular cholesterol alteration revealed a redistribution of NSP4 and disintegration of viroplasms. These data further imply interruption of NSP4112–140-N-caveolin-119–40 and cholesterol interactions may block NSP4 intracellular transport, hence enterotoxicity