Stealing a bride: marriage customs, gender roles, and fertility transition in two peasant communities in Bolivia

This paper deals with changing marriage customs in a pre-transitional setting where nuclear households and relatively high female status have been dominant values. Two Bolivian communities are compared. In one of them, the persistence of early marriages is associated with a specialized agricultural economy where women play roles as wives and mothers as well as partners in agricultural production but are not engaged in autonomous income earning activities. Women maintain a relatively subordinate, even if highly valued, position within the family. Marriage customs are simple, with little parental opposition to early marriage. In the other, economic diversification and tertiarization of the economy, as well as the emergence of a youth culture, are producing a revolution in marriage patterns. Increase in female age at marriage is associated with an extension of spinsterhood, growing acceptance of courtship, and a decline in parental influence over the selection of marriage partners. These are processes promoting both nuclearization and an increase in the bargaining power of women within the nuclear family, conditions for the emergence of favourable attitudes towards birth control. Marriages are taking place later as a consequence of the increasing individualized capacity of females as income earners. Young men achieve independence much later today than in the past, and have to show individual resourcefulness in order to find a wife. Stealing a bride, a ritualized version of elopement, is a key aspect of marriage customs through which men show the ability to constitute a new household

Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The epidemiology and burden of Herpes Zoster (HZ) are largely unknown, and there are no recent reviews summarizing the available evidence from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the epidemiology and burden of HZ in LAC. Bibliographic databases and grey literature sources were consulted to find studies published (January 2000 ?February 2020) with epidemiological endpoints: cumulative incidence and incidence density (HZ cases per 100,000 person-years), prevalence, case-fatality rates, HZ mortality, hospitalization rates, and rates of each HZ complication. Twenty-six studies were included with most studies coming from Brazil. No studies reported the incidence of HZ in the general population. In population at higher risk, the cumulative incidence ranged from 318?3,423 cases of HZ per 100,000 persons per year of follow-up. The incidence density was 6.4?36.5 cases per 1,000 person-years. Age was identified as a major risk factor towards HZ incidence which increase significantly in people >50 years of age. Hospitalization rates ranged from 3%?35.7%. The in-hospital HZ mortality rate ranged from 0%?36%. Overall, HZ mortality rates were found to be higher in females across all age groups and countries. The incidence of HZ complications (such as post-herpetic neuralgia, ophthalmic herpes zoster, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome) was higher in the immunosuppressed compared to the immunocompetent population. Acyclovir was the most frequently used therapy. Epidemiological data from Ministry of Health databases (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile y Mexico) and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation?s Global Burden of Disease project reported stable rates of hospitalizations and deaths over the last 10 years. High-risk groups for HZ impose a considerable burden in LAC. They could benefit from directed healthcare initiatives, including adult immunization, to prevent HZ occurrence and its complications.Fil: Bardach, Ariel Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Palermo, Carolina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Alconada, Tomás. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Sandoval, Macarena. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Balan, Darío Javier. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Guevara, Javier Nieto. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Jorge. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Ciapponi, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentin

Quality of life in people with Renal Function Replacement Therapy (RFRT)

Al hablar de calidad de vida, nos referimos a un concepto que hace alusión a varios niveles de la generalidad, desde el bienestar social o comunitario hasta ciertos aspectos específicos de carácter individual o grupal. Por lo tanto, calidad de vida tiene diferentes definiciones desde el aspecto filosófico y político hasta el relacionado a la salud. El objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar los niveles de calidad e vida de las personas con TSFR, tiene un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo-comparativo, con una muestra de 45 personas en tratamiento de Diálisis y Hemodiálisis. Los resultados muestran que tanto en la hemodiálisis como DPCA tiene repercusiones en la salud física y psicológica, sin embargo, los cambios del entorno y la esfera social son las mas afectadas en las personas con enfermedad renal en tratamiento.When talking about quality of life, we mean a concept that alludes to various levels of generality, from social or community welfare to certain specific aspects of an individual or group character. Therefore, quality of life has different definitions from the philosophical and political aspect to that related to health. The aim of this project was to determine the quality and life levels of people with TSFR, has a quantitative, descriptive-comparative design, with a sample of 45 people on dialysis and hemodialysis treatment. The results show that both hemodialysis and APCA have repercussions on physical and psychological health, however, changes in the environment and the social sphere are the most affected in people with renal disease in treatmen

Diagnóstico e proposta de descrição metodológica para artigos técnico-científicos que tratam da avaliação de aplicações de herbicidas

Chemical control is a viable tool and practically essential in the management of weeds control. However, insufficient details about application methods of pesticides have been observed in most scientific publications that deal with herbicides utilization. With the objective of verifying the presence or absence of basic information about herbicides application found in scientific papers, as well as to propose a criterion of minimum description needed with information that may guarantee better repeatability of methods and techniques used, it was conducted a survey in 200 papers published in national and international periodic. It was observed that minimum descriptions required about herbicides application technology have not been observed. Besides all papers showed the used application rate (L ha-1), outstanding with insufficiency the description of droplets spectrum formed by sprayer, with lack of information in 84.5% of evaluated works; work pressure (15.5%); spray solution concentration (20.5%); distance and position of nozzles in relation to the target (58.5%) and meteorological conditions, with median absence (temperature, air humidity and winds speed) of 62.6% in evaluated papers.  In order to rescue the importance of criterion description about herbicides application technologies in scientific papers, it was elaborated a simplified methodological description, that offers to maximize the security and fidelity in information’s reproduced referred to weeds control.O controle químico é uma ferramenta viável e praticamente indispensável no manejo de plantas daninhas. No entanto, detalhes insuficientes sobre os métodos de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários têm sido observados na maioria dos artigos científicos que tratam da utilização de herbicidas. Com objetivo de verificar a presença ou ausência de informações básicas sobre a aplicação de herbicidas encontradas em artigos científicos, assim como propor um critério de descrição mínima necessária de informações que garanta melhor repetibilidade dos métodos e tecnologias utilizadas, foi realizado levantamento em 200 trabalhos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Observou-se que descrições mínimas requeridas para tecnologia de aplicação de herbicidas não tem sido atendidas. Apesar de todos os trabalhos apresentarem a taxa de aplicação utilizada (L ha-1), destacaram-se com insuficiência de descrição o espectro de gotas formado pela pulverização, com ausência de informação em 84,5% dos trabalhos avaliados, pressão de trabalho (15,5%), concentração da calda (20,5%), distância e posição das pontas de pulverização em relação ao alvo (58,5%) e condições meteorológicas, com ausência média (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade dos ventos) de 62,6% nos artigos avaliados. Para resgatar a importância da descrição criteriosa sobre as tecnologias de aplicação de herbicidas em artigos científicos, foi elaborada uma proposta de descrição metodológica simplificada, a qual proporciona maximizar a segurança e fidelidade na reprodução das informações referentes ao controle de plantas daninhas

Deposição de glifosato e utilização de adjuvante para diferentes pontas de pulverização e horário de aplicação

São contraditórios os resultados obtidos por pesquisadores quanto à eficiência do uso de adjuvantes, que tem com finalidade promover melhorias nas qualidades físicas da calda de pulverização, maximizando a eficiência e diminuindo os riscos de deriva. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de adjuvante na deposição da calda de pulverização com glifosate, aplicada com três pontas de pulverização e em condições distintas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Em dois horários aplicou-se uma solução de glifosate, com e sem a adição de adjuvante ‘antideriva + cobre’, com três tipos de pontas de pulverização. A condutividade elétrica da solução de lavagem dos alvos de pulverização foi a metodologia adotada para avaliar o nível de deposição. Os resultados mostraram que sem o uso do adjuvante a deposição teve a variação esperada em função do tamanho da gota produzida pelas pontas de pulverização e horário de aplicação. Já com o uso do adjuvante, de forma geral, os resultados preconizados não ocorreram, ou foram até contrários aos esperados

Distribuição superficial das gotas aplicadas sobre o solo com pulverizador de barras

Diversos são os fatores que influenciam na porcentagem de cobertura do alvo: pulverizadores, pontas de pulverização, adjuvantes, condições meteorológicas, topografia do terreno, etc. Neste sentido, a uniformidade de distribuição das gotas é uma meta da tecnologia de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição da cobertura de gotas sobre o solo  a partir de um pulverizador de barras. Para isso, foram distribuídos 396 papéis hidrossensíveis, espaçados de um metro  cada, em uma área plana de 12 x 33 m. Sobre tais papéis aplicou-se água por meio de um pulverizador hidráulico com  12 metros de barra. Após a aplicação, os papéis hidrossensíveis foram digitalizados em um scanner e as imagens obtidas  foram analisadas no tocante a porcentagem de cobertura por meio do software Conta Gotas®. Os dados foram integrados e dispostos em gráfico, gerando imagem com cinco faixas de cobertura (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100%). Foi verificada  uma grande variação nas porcentagens de cobertura ao longo da área pulverizada. A maior parte da área (87,09%) teve cobertura variando entre 40% e 80%. Assim, os resultados demonstraram que, mesmo sob condições operacionais adequadas, as aplicações com pulverizadores de barras podem não apresentar uniformidade.There are several factors that influence in the coverage percentage of the target: spray equipments, spray nozzle, adjuvants, weather conditions, soil topographic, etc. Based on this aspect, the uniformity of drop distribution on the target is the goal of the application technology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the horizontal drops distribution of a sprayer. It were distributed 396 water-sensitive papers, with a spacing of 1 m each, in a plain area of 12 x 33 m. Upon such papers was applied water through a hydraulic sprayer with 12 meters of bars. After the application, the water-sensitive papers were digitalized in a scanner and the obtained imaged analyzed the percentage of coverage by the Conta-Gotas® software.The data obtained were integrated and arranged in graphic, generating an image with five bands of coverage (0 20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100%). It was verified a wide variation in the percentage of coverage along the pulverized area. The most part of the area (87.09%) had coverage between 40% and 80%. Thus, the results showed that even under appropriate operating conditions, applications with sprayer may not show uniformity.Existen varios factores que influyen en el porcentaje de cobertura de los pulverizadores: puntas de pulverización, adyuvantes, las condiciones climáticas, la topografía, etc. En este sentido, la uniformidad de la distribución de las gotas es una meta de la tecnología de aplicación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la distribución de las gotas sobre el terreno a partir de un pulverizador de barra. Para ello, se distribuyeron 396 papeles hidrosensibles, apartados por un metro cada uno en área plana de 12 x 33 m. Sobre estos se aplicó agua por medio de pulverizador hidráulico con barra de 12 metros. Después de la aplicación, las tarjetas hidrosensibles fueran digitalizadas en un escáner y las imágenes evaluadas a respecto del porcentaje de cobertura a través de software Conta-gotas®. Los datos fueron integrados y dispuestos en gráfico, generando imagen con cinco bandas de cobertura (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 y 80-100%). Se verificó una gran variación en los porcentajes de cobertura  al largo del área. La mayor parte del área (87,09%) tuve cobertura entre 40% y 80%. Por lo tanto, los resultados indican que, incluso bajo condiciones de funcionamiento adecuadas, las aplicaciones con pulverizador de pueden no tener uniformidad

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation