23 research outputs found

    Cell therapy in Huntington's disease: taking stock of past studies to move the field forward

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    Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disease that manifests mostly in adulthood with progressive cognitive, behavioral, and motor dysfunction. Neuronal loss occurs predominantly in the striatum but also extends to other brain regions, notably the cortex. Most patients die around 20 years after motor onset, although there is variability in the rate of progression and some phenotypic heterogeneity. The most advanced experimental therapies currently are huntingtin‐lowering strategies, some of which are in stage 3 clinical trials. However, even if these approaches are successful, it is unlikely that they will be applicable to all patients or will completely halt continued loss of neural cells in all cases. On the other hand, cellular therapies have the potential to restore atrophied tissues and may therefore provide an important complementary therapeutic avenue. Pilot studies of fetal cell grafts in the 2000s reported the most dramatic clinical improvements yet achieved for this disease, but subsequent studies have so far failed to identify methodology to reliably reproduce these results. Moving forward, a major challenge will be to generate suitable donor cells from (nonfetal) cell sources, but in parallel there are a host of procedural and trial design issues that will be important for improving reliability of transplants and so urgently need attention. Here, we consider findings that have emerged from clinical transplant studies in HD to date, in particular new findings emerging from the recent multicenter intracerebral transplant HD study, and consider how these data may be used to inform future cell therapy trials

    Alloimmunisation to Donor Antigens and Immune Rejection Following Foetal Neural Grafts to the Brain in Patients with Huntington's Disease

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    BACKGROUND: The brain is deemed “immunologically privileged” due to sparse professional antigen-presenting cells and lymphatic drainage, and to the blood-brain barrier. Although the actual extent of this privilege is controversial, there is general consensus about the limited need in intracerebral neural grafts for immunosuppressive regimens comparable to those used in other cases of allotransplantation. This has led over the past fifteen years to the use of either short-term or even no immunosuppression in most clinical trials with foetal neural transplant in patients with Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report biological demonstration of alloimmunisation without signs of rejection in four grafted patients out of 13 studied during the course of a clinical trial involving fetal neural transplantation in patients with Huntington's Disease. Biological, radiological and clinical demonstration of an ongoing rejection process was observed in a fifth transplanted patient. The rejection process was, however, fully reversible under immunosuppressive treatment and graft activity recovered within six months. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: There had been, up to date, no report of documented cases that could have cast a doubt on those procedures. Our results underline the need for a reconsideration of the extent of the so-called immune privilege of the brain and of the follow-up protocols of patients with intracerebral grafts. It also suggests that some of the results obtained in past studies with foetal neural transplants may have been biased by an unrecognized immune response to donor cells

    Cognitive decline in Huntington's disease in the Digitalized Arithmetic Task (DAT)

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    Background Efficient cognitive tasks sensitive to longitudinal deterioration in small cohorts of Huntington’s disease (HD) patients are lacking in HD research. We thus developed and assessed the digitized arithmetic task (DAT), which combines inner language and executive functions in approximately 4 minutes. Methods We assessed the psychometric properties of DAT in three languages, across four European sites, in 77 early-stage HD patients (age: 52 ± 11 years; 27 females), and 57 controls (age: 50 ± 10, 31 females). Forty-eight HD patients and 34 controls were followed up to one year with 96 participants who underwent MRI brain imaging (HD patients = 46) at baseline and 50 participants (HD patients = 22) at one year. Linear mixed models and Pearson correlations were used to assess associations with clinical assessment. Results At baseline, HD patients were less accurate (p = 0.0002) with increased response time (p<0.0001) when compared to DAT in controls. Test-retest reliability in HD patients ranged from good to excellent for response time (range: 0.63–0.79) and from questionable to acceptable for accuracy (range: r = 0.52–0.69). Only DAT, the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and Total Functional Capacity scores were able to detect a decline within a one-year follow-up in HD patients (all p< 0.05). In contrast with all the other cognitive tasks, DAT correlated with striatal atrophy over time (p = 0.037) but not with motor impairment. Conclusions DAT is fast, reliable, motor-free, applicable in several languages, and able to unmask cognitive decline correlated with striatal atrophy in small cohorts of HD patients. This likely makes it a useful endpoint in future trials for HD and other neurodegenerative diseases

    Stem cells for Huntington’s disease (SC4HD): an international consortium to facilitate stem cell-based therapy for Huntington’s disease

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    Huntington’s disease (HD) research is entering an exciting phase, with new approaches such as huntingtin lowering strategies and cell therapies on the horizon. Technological advances to direct the differentiation of stem cells to desired neural types have opened new strategies for restoring damaged neuronal circuits in HD. However, challenges remain in the implementation of cell therapy approaches for patients suffering from HD. Cell therapies, together with other invasive approaches including allele specific oligonucleotides (ASOs) and viral delivery of huntingtin-lowering agents, require direct delivery of the therapeutic agents locally into the brain or cerebrospinal fluid. Delivering substances directly into the brain is complex and presents multiple challenges, including those related to regulatory requirements, safety and efficacy, surgical instrumentation, trial design, patient profiles, and selection of suitable and sensitive primary and secondary outcomes. In addition, production of clinical grade cell-based medicinal products also requires adherence to regulatory standards with extensive quality control of the protocols and cell products across different laboratories and production centers. Currently, there is no consensus on how best to address these challenges. Here we describe the formation of Stem Cells For Huntington’s Disease (SC4HD: https://www.sc4hd.org/), a network of researchers and clinicians working to develop guidance and greater standardization for the HD field for stem cell based transplantation therapy for HD with a mission to work to develop criteria and guidance for development of a neural intra-cerebral stem cell-based therapy for HD

    The Nature of Sentence Processing Impairment in Huntington's Disease at Early Stage

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    Pas de résumé françaisIn this thesis, we investigated troubles of sentence processing in Huntington s disease (HD) at earlystage, which represents a model of damage mainly confined to the striatum. The role of striatalstructures in sentence processing is agreed upon, but its nature is still controversial. Most studieshave reported a role of the striatum for complex sentences or more controlled processes withinsentence processing, but the interpretation of this pattern differs according to two main views.Some authors have proposed that striatal structures have a linguistic function restricted to somesub-processes of sentence processing, while others claim that the deficits detected depend on themodulation that executive function exerts on language and sentence processing. Here, we aimed atfilling the gap between these approaches by using a psycholinguistic perspective to investigate onthe one hand the role of executive functions, in particular, working memory, in sentenceprocessing, and on the other hand the nature of the linguistic discrepancies reported in associationto striatal lesions. We thus built experimental paradigms that allow dissociating fine-grainedlinguistic variations in healthy subjects, and transferred them to HD patients. The profile ofimpairment detected in our experiments showed that working memory and other sources ofcomplexity can interfere with sentence processing by decreasing accuracy, but an impairment ofspecific syntactic processes occurs when working memory is controlled for. The pattern of the finegrainedsyntactic impairment detected is consistent with a dissociation between more frequent/lesscontrolled (default) and less frequent/more controlled (non-default) procedures in sentenceprocessing. Additionally, we detected that this deficit occurs despite the fact that HD patients arestill able to process syntactic information, suggesting that striatal structures spare syntacticrepresentations while they are involved in correctly applying syntactic procedures in non-defaultcontexts. We propose that this pattern is explained by a role of striatal structures in selectingbetween competing alternatives during sentence processing, which results in an inability to adapt tothe sentence context for non-default procedures. This parallels the role of striatal structures for selecting between competing alternatives in order to adapt to the changing environment, as reportedin motor control and in other domains of cognition. Although the domain specificity of striatalinvolvement in language cannot be demonstrated, it is highly compatible with the results obtainedin this thesis. Hence, linguistic functions might be modulated by distinct cortico-striatal circuits: onthe one hand by selecting linguistic representations as a function of the context, and on the otherhand, by modulating performance in language through executive functions. The frameworkemerging from this work thus helps conciliating apparently incongruent findings reported in theliterature. Yet, future research should better characterize anatomo-functional correlates of thisproposalPARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocPARIS12-Bib. électronique (940280011) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Le rôle du striatum dans le traitement du langage

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    Le rôle des structures sous-corticales et plus particulièrement du striatum dans le langage est toujours débattu. A partir des modèles psycholinguistiques proposant que le langage comprend à la fois des processus lexicaux et l'application de règles combinatoires , cette thèse a tenté d'étayer le rôle linguistique du striatum en testant l'hypothèse qu'il est spécifiquement impliqué dans la deuxième composante. Dans plusieurs études j'ai contrasté "règles" et "lexique" afin d'évaluer les différents niveaux linguistiques (morphologie, syntaxe, phonologie) ainsi que les processus arithmétiques. Mes recherches ont porté à la fois sur des sujets sains et des patients striato-lésés incluant notamment des patients atteints de la maladie de Huntington. Elles sont fondées sur deux approches expérimentales comprenant des explorations comportementales et des études de corrélations anatomo-fonctionnelles à partir de l'imagerie cérébrale. L'ensemble des études a montré que le striatum implémente l'application de règles en morphologie et en syntaxe, et que ce rôle s'étend au domaine de l'arithmétique. Elles ont précisé que cette fonction est liée a des portions ventrales du striatum tout en suggérant qu'il existe au sein du striatum des contingents sous-tendant des processus lexicaux. Enfin, elles ont suggéré que le striatum s'intègre dans un système fonctionnel distribué, sous-tendant l'application de règles, et le reliant à la région de Broca. A paritr de ces résultats je propose un modèle fonctionnel stipulant que le striatum se situe à l'interface règles/lexique intégrant à la fois des représentations lexicales et celles des règles afin d'appliquer des processus combinatoires.While the linguistic role of cortical areas is well established, the role of subcortical structures, such as the striatum is still controversial. Based on linguistic claims that language processing implies both recovery of lexical information and the application of combinatorial rules, this thesis attempted to substantiate that the striatum is involved in linguistic operations pertaining to the latter component. In several studies with striatal-damaged patients, including more particulary Huntington's disease, we contrasted lexical abilities and rule application at different language levels (morphology, syntax, phonology) as well as in a non-linguistic domain, namely arithmetic. Two methodological approaches were used, comprising behavioural studies on the one hand, and brain-function correlations based on morphological and functional imagery on the other. My research showed that the striatum is involved in rule application at the morphological and syntactic level, and that this function extends to the domain of arithmetic. Furthermore, it suggested that the role in linguistic rule application is tied to ventral portions of the caudate and the putamen, while more dorsal portions of the striatum are involved in lexical operations. Finally, my findings showed that the striatum is part of a distributed cortical-sub-cortical network, subserving rule processing, and linking the caudate with portions of Broca's area. Based on these results I propose a functional model situating the striatum at the interface between rule and lexical representations that are thought to be integrated at the striatal level, which allows for the application of combinatorial language operations.PARIS12-Bib. électronique (940280011) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Les troubles attentionnels dans la maladie de Huntington

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    La maladie de Huntington (MH) est une maladie génétique rare, neurodégénérative, qui entraîne une triade de symptômes : des troubles moteurs, intellectuels et psychiatriques. Le striatum, structure d entrée des ganglions de la base, est atteint de façon inaugurale, même chez des patients asymptomatiques porteurs du gène muté. Si nous connaissons de mieux en mieux la maladie et ses mécanismes, à l heure actuelle il n existe aucun traitement curatif efficace. L enjeu pour l instant est donc de trouver des marqueurs phénotypiques du démarrage de la dégénérescence afin de proposer au plus vite une prise en charge adaptée. Les troubles attentionnels apparaissent très tôt et pourraient constituer un bon marqueur comportemental. Ce travail de thèse avait pour but de détailler ces troubles attentionnels et le décours temporel de leur évolution dans cette pathologie en référence au modèle systémique dynamique de Posner et Petersen. Ce modèle postule l existence de trois réseaux attentionnels : (1) un réseau d alerte qui mobilise toutes les ressources énergétiques de l individu afin de le rendre apte à réagir à la survenue de nouveaux stimuli, (2) un réseau d orientation de l attention vers une stimulation interne ou externe et (3) le réseau exécutif dévolu à la gestion et à la résolution de conflits. On peut mobiliser son attention de façon volontaire endogène - en fonction des buts internes ou de façon automatique exogène - attirée par un stimulus soudain.Quatre expériences comportementales et une étude anatomo-clinique ont permis de montrer que les patients MH étaient altérés dans les trois réseaux et que l atteinte suivait le décours temporel de la maladie. Précocement, les patients présentaient des troubles du contrôle exécutif comme l a montré la plupart des études. Dans les stades débutants, l orientation de l attention était également touchée, à la fois dans sa composante endogène et sa composante exogène, dans le temps et dans l espace. Ce qui n avait jamais été montré jusqu à présent, c était l altération de l orientation temporelle de l attention chez ces patients. En outre, leur déficit dans l orientation visuo-spatiale de l attention décrivait un profil étonnant, similaire à celui des patients négligents. Les patients MH montraient des difficultés à orienter leur attention dans l hémi-espace droit, décrivant une pseudo-négligence. Les corrélations anatomo-cliniques entre une tâche de barrage, le test de Zazzo, et l activité métabolique du cerveau au repos montraient que la tête du noyau caudé gauche et le putamen droit étaient impliqués dans ce phénomène de pseudo-négligence. Enfin, nous avons montré que l alerte était atteinte dans les stades avancés, ce qui n avait jamais été fait auparavant. Cette atteinte contribuait à l aggravation de la perturbation des autres réseaux.Ce profil exhaustif permet de proposer le phénomène de pseudo-négligence et l atteinte de l orientation temporelle comme marqueurs phénotypiques de la maladie. L atteinte tardive de l alerte permet quant à elle de proposer très tôt un outil de réhabilitation attentionnelle, basé sur cette composante longtemps préservée.PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

    La désignation et la notion de seconde personne (étude chez l'adulte sain et cérébro-lésé)

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    La désignation est le geste de montrer un objet à une autre personne. La structure de la désignation est similaire à celle du discours verbal : la première personne je communique avec la seconde personne tu à propos de l'objet il . A partir de la description neuropsychologique d'un trouble acquis de la désignation, l'hétérotopagnosie ou incapacité à désigner le corps d'autrui, nous jetons les bases d'un nouveau modèle de la désignation impliquant la notion de seconde personne tu . Nous proposons et validons l'hypothèse que toute désignation implique de se représenter le point de vue de l'interlocuteur tu grâce à un référentiel hétérocentré. De plus, chez les patients hétérotopagnosiques comme chez les volontaires sains, désigner le corps d'autrui est plus difficile que désigner les objets. Nous expliquons ce phénomène par le fait que seul le corps humain vivant peut être à la fois sujet de communication et objet de communication. Poursuivant notre investigation sur la notion de seconde personne, nous montrons chez une patiente et chez les sujets sains que le corps des femmes est également plus difficile à désigner que celui des hommes. Les femmes seraient plus facilement considérées comme des sujets que les hommes. Enfin, nous avons recherché comment l'humain percevait la désignation réalisée par autrui comme témoignant d'une intention de communication à propos d'un objet. L'engagement dans une relation avec la seconde personne tu est nécessaire à cette compréhension. Au total, cette thèse apporte les premiers éléments expérimentaux sur les mécanismes de la relation de communication avec la seconde personne tu .Pointing is used to communicate about an object with another person. This skill has a triadic structure similar to speech: the first person I communicate with the second person you about an object of interest it . From the neuropsychological description of an acquired deficit in pointing, heterotopagnosia which is the inability to point at another person's body parts, we build a new cognitive model involving the notion of a second person to explain pointing behaviour. We bring experimental evidence that pointing requires taking the addressee's perspective through the elaboration of a heterocentric reference frame. Furthermore, we show that in heterotopagnosic patients and in healthy subjects pointing at another person's body is more difficult than pointing at objects. We hypothesize that it is because only the living human body of other can be a subject to communicate with and an object to communicate about. In addition, we show that heterotopagnosic patients and healthy subjects find it more difficult to point at female body parts than at male ones, perhaps because women are more easily considered as subjects. Finally, we explore the behavioural and neural bases of the perception of pointing. We confirm that the relationship with the second person is necessary to understand the communicative intention of the addressee about the object. As a whole, this work provides the first cognitive and neural evidence for the notion of a second person in the brain.PARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Evaluation du langage dans la maladie de Huntington : arguments neurolinguistiques en faveur de la dichtomie entre lexique et règles

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    PARIS5-BU Méd.Cochin (751142101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocCentre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. (774682301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude neuropsychologique, psychophysique et anatomo-fonctionnelle de la désignation proto-déclarative (vers un modèle cognitif des relations de communications triadiques)

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    Par l'étude de la désignation proto-déclarative, nous avons recherché les représentations cérébrales nécessaires aux interactions triadiques. L'acquisition de ce comportement marque un stade crucial dans le développement de l'enfant, puisque son absence révèle souvent un autisme. Des lésions sont responsables de troubles acquis de la désignation : certaines représentations cérébrales nécessaires à la désignation peuvent donc être spécifiquement lésées. Suite à l'étude neuropsychologique des déficits présentés par un patient, nous avons postulé l'existence d'une représentation dédiée à la reconnaissance du corps d'autrui et à reconsidérer son importance dans toute désignation. Les résultats de trois études psychophysiques chez le sujet sain nous permettent d'impliquer dans la désignation une représentation du corps humain d'autrui capable de communication et une représentation spatiale du point de vue d'autrui. Enfin, des activations cérébrales en PETscan révèlent les aires cérébrales nécessaires à ces représentations. Nous proposons finalement un modèle de la désignation afin de rendre compte des déficits retrouvés chez les patients.Studying proto-declarative pointing we have searched cerebral representations necessary for triadic interactions. The acquisitions of this skill marks a critical step in child development, since its absence usually reveals autism. Acquired troubles of proto-declarative pointing have been associated with focal cerebral lesions, there must be cerebral representations necessary for proto-declarative pointing that can be specifically damaged. One patient's performances made us postulate the existence of a cerebral representation dedicated to other's body recognition, and forced us to consider again its importance in proto-declarative pointing. According to the results from three psychopysics studies in healthy subjects, at least two types of representations may be implied in proto-declarative pointing : an other's human body representation and a spatial representation of other's perspective. Activation PETstudy reveals cerebral areas underlying these representations. Finally, we propose a new cognitive model of proto-declarative pointing to integrate these results and to explain the patients'deficits.PARIS12-Bib. électronique (940280011) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
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