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Not AvailableThe important soil quality indicators were investigated under different land use systems namely, sal forest, agroforestry, rainfed cropland and irrigated cropland to provide base line data for future research in lower north western Himalayan region. The soil properties such as soil depth, texture, organic carbon, total N, available P, available K, CEC and soil pH were investigated for each land use system to assess relative soil quality index (RSQI). The study revealed that there were significant differences in soil quality parameters under different land use systems. The study further revealed that soil quality index (SQI) values varied from 337 in sal forest to 257 in rainfed cropland inDungakhet village indicating the superiority of forest land use system in terms of maintaining greater SQI than other land-use systems. Similar trend was also observed in the other site of the study area. Analysis of data on RSQI revealed that the soil quality index for rainfed cropland was 23.74% lower in Dungakhet and 19.88% lower in Pasauli than the reference sal forest. In general, intensive tillage practices have degraded most of the important soil quality indicators. Therefore, reducing the intensive tillage practices and use of integrated inorganic and organic fertilizers could replenish the degraded soil quality for sustainable agricultural production in the study area.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRain dependent farming in North Western Himalaya (NWH) is in a vicious cycle of livelihood insecurity-resource degradation. This vicious cycle was unchained by putting participatory knowledge generated on resource conservation, production and local institutional mechanism in action during 2007-08 to 2013-14 in four villages of NWH. Tool-kit approach was adopted for boundary work, implementation and monitoring of the project data and analysis. Results showed that food deficit villages (before project) were converted in food surplus after the project except pulses. The project generated ` 523 24 lakh Net Present Value (NPV) with a Benefit Cost (B:C) ratio of 2.59, and investment made can be recovered by 4 years at 10% discount rate considering 30 year period of analysis. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the project can sustain firmly under any odd situation of (i) rise in cost by 10%, (ii) decrease in benefits by 10% and (iii) reduction in project period by 50%, individually and their all possible combinations together. It is evident from the value of economic evaluation criteria; NPV of 203.26 lakh, B:C ratio 1.64:1, 6 years payback period and 48.3% Internal Rate of Return (IRR) under worst situation when all the assumed eventualities occur together. It can be concluded that such projects are financially sound investment venture and be replicated in other villages in the region. Natural resource management activities worked as catalyst in achieving sustainable livelihood security under rain dependent farming situation. Good boundary work for proactive participation of all stakeholders at all the three stages of project (planning, implementation and evaluation), jointly setting boundary objectives, strategies; and finally putting local institutional mechanism in place towards ensuring benefit flow in perpetuity that holds the key for success of rain dependent agricultural projectsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIncreasing demand of water for industrial, domestic and power sectors necessitates urgent need for development of water saving technologies to ensure accessibility of water to every field (Har khet ko pani) through following the approach - “per drop more crop” in agriculture. Efficient water management in agriculture is the major challenge to ensure sustainable food production in India. While, the situation is more aggravating in mostly rainfed type of farming in hill and mountains. Low productivity and cropping intensity, subsistence level of farming is attributed to poor water resource development in the hilly areas. To enhance the productivity and livelihood in the Himalayan foothills, a participatory gravity-flow Irrigation System has been developed with major emphasis on the participation of beneficiary farmers in all activities starting from surveying, planning, implementation, monitoring and operation of the system. In this endeavor, 1830 m GI pipeline (100 mm diameter) from source to Distribution Tank (DT) as a water conveyance and 1500 m PVC pipeline (110 mm ) as a water distribution are laid out in the command area (26.28 ha) in the adopted villages-Pasauli and Devthala of Dehradun district in Uttarakhand. The conveyance efficiency was recorded >95% of the system starting from source to remotest riser in the command area. Discharge of randomly selected risers were taken in 2016 and found a 10-16% variation between designed (estimated) and obser ved data. Check basin border size for efficient irrigation were optimized using SIRMOD. Productivity of major crops increased by 48% with enhanced cropping intensity by 29% due to intervening crop of Toria in between Maize-Wheat sequence. Cultivation of rabi wheat on fallow land resulted increased additional net income of ` 17500/- ha.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIncreasing demand of water for industrial, domestic and power sectors necessitates urgent need for development of water saving technologies to ensure accessibility of water to every field (Har khet ko pani) through following the approach - “per drop more crop” in agriculture. Efficient water management in agriculture is the major challenge to ensure sustainable food production in India. While, the situation is more aggravating in mostly rainfed type of farming in hill and mountains. Low productivity and cropping intensity, subsistence level of farming is attributed to poor water resource development in the hilly areas. To enhance the productivity and livelihood in the Himalayan foothills, a participatory gravity-flow Irrigation System has been developed with major emphasis on the participation of beneficiary farmers in all activities starting from surveying, planning, implementation, monitoring and operation of the system. In this endeavor, 1830 m GI pipeline (100 mm diameter) from source to Distribution Tank (DT) as a water conveyance and 1500 m PVC pipeline (110 mm ) as a water distribution are laid out in the command area (26.28 ha) in the adopted villages-Pasauli and Devthala of Dehradun district in Uttarakhand. The conveyance efficiency was recorded >95% of the system starting from source to remotest riser in the command area. Discharge of randomly selected risers were taken in 2016 and found a 10-16% variation between designed (estimated) and obser ved data. Check basin border size for efficient irrigation were optimized using SIRMOD. Productivity of major crops increased by 48% with enhanced cropping intensity by 29% due to intervening crop of Toria in between Maize-Wheat sequence. Cultivation of rabi wheat on fallow land resulted increased additional net income of ` 17500/- ha.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableHybrid napier for its optimal growth requires high and well distributed rainfall, it can tolerate a moderate dry season (3-4 months) because of deeper root system.Not Availabl

Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients : A multiple-center epidemiological study

Objective: Intraabdominal hypertension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in surgical and trauma patients. The aim of this study was to assess, in a mixed population of critically ill patients, whether intraabdominal pressure at admission was an independent predictor for mortality and to evaluate the effects of intraabdominal hypertension on organ functions. Design: Multiple-center, prospective epidemiologic study. Setting: Fourteen intensive care units in six countries. Patients: A total of 265 consecutive patients admitted for > 24 hrs during the 4-wk study period. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Intraabdominal pressure was measured twice daily via the bladder. Data recorded on admission were the patient demographics with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and type of admission; during intensive care stay, Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment score and intraabdominal pressure were measure daily together with fluid balance. Nonsurvivors had a significantly higher mean intraabdominal pressure on admission than survivors: 11.4 +/- 4.8 vs 9.5 +/- 4.8 mm Hg. Independent predictor for mortality were age (odds ratio, 1.04: 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06; p = .003), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.15; p < .0001), type of intensive care unit admission (odds ratio, 2.5 medical vs. surgical; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-5.16; p = .01), and the presence of liver dysfunction (confidence ration, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-5.8; p = .04). The occurrence of intraabdominal hypertension during the intensive care unit stay was also an independent predictor of mortality (relative risk, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.06; p = .01) had significantly higher Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment scores during the intensive care unit stay than patients without intraabdominal hypertension. Conclusions: Intraabdominal hypertension on admission was associated with severe organ dysfunction during the intesive care unit stay. The mean intraabdominal pressure on admission was not an independent risk factor for mortality; however, the occurrence of intraabdominal hypertension during the intensive care unit stay was an independent outcome predictor

Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: a multicentre epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: Although intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) can cause dysfunction of several organs and raise mortality, little information is available on the incidence and risk factors for IAH in critically ill patients. This study assessed the prevalence of IAH and its risk factors in a mixed population of intensive care patients. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective 1-day point-prevalence epidemiological study conducted in 13 ICUs of six countries. INTERVENTIONS: None. PATIENTS: Ninety-seven patients admitted for more than 24 h to one of the ICUs during the 1-day study period. METHODS: Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured four times (every 6 h) by the bladder pressure method. Data included the demographics, medical or surgical type of admission, SOFA score, etiological factors such as abdominal surgery, haemoperitoneum, abdominal infection, massive fluid resuscitation, and ileus and predisposing conditions such as hypothermia, acidosis, polytransfusion, coagulopathy, sepsis, liver dysfunction, pneumonia and bacteraemia. RESULTS: We enrolled 97 patients, mean age 64+/-15 years, 57 (59%) medical and 40 (41%) surgical admission, SOFA score of 6.5+/-4.0. Mean IAP was 9.8+/-4.7 mmHg. The prevalence of IAH (defined as IAP 12 mmHg or more) was 50.5 and 8.2% had abdominal compartment syndrome (defined as IAP 20 mmHg or more). The only risk factor significantly associated with IAH was the body mass index, while massive fluid resuscitation, renal and coagulation impairment were at limit of significance. CONCLUSION: Although we found a quite high prevalence of IAH, no risk factors were reliably associated with IAH; consequently, to get valid information about IAH, IAP needs to be measured

A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis on intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: the wake-up project World initiative on Abdominal Hypertension Epidemiology, a Unifying Project (WAKE-Up!)

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), defined as a pathologically increase in intraabdominal pressure, is commonly found in critically ill patients. While IAH has been associated with several abdominal as well as extra-abdominal conditions, few studies have examined the occurrence of IAH in relation to mortality. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the prognostic role of IAH and its risk factors at admission in critically ill patients across a wide range of settings and countries. An individual patient meta-analysis of all available data and a systematic review of published (in full or as abstract) medical databases and studies between 1996 and June 2012 were performed. The search was limited to "clinical trials" and "randomized controlled trials", "adults", using the terms "intra-abdominal pressure", "intraabdominal hypertension" combined with any of the terms "outcome" and "mortality". All together data on 2707 patients, representing 21 centers from 11 countries was obtained. Data on 1038 patients were not analysed because of the following exclusion criteria: no LAP value on admission (N.=712), absence of information on ICU outcome (N.=195), age 95 years (N.=131). Data from 1669 individual patients (19 centers from 9 countries) were analyzed in the meta-analysis. Presence of IAH was defined as a sustained increase in LAP equal to or above 12 mmHg. At admission the mean overall LAP was 9.9\ub15.0 mmHg, with 463 patients (27.7%) presenting IAH with a mean LAP of 16.3\ub13.4 mmHg. The only independent predictors for IAH were SOFA score and fluid balance on the day of admission. Five hundred thirteen patients (30.8%) died in intensive care. The independent predictors for intensive care mortality were IAH, SAPS II score, SOFA score and admission category. This systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis shows that IAH is frequently present in critically ill patients and it is an independent predictor for mortality