Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

The detection of gravitational waves with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo has enabled novel tests of general relativity, including direct study of the polarization of gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for only two tensor gravitational-wave polarizations, general metric theories can additionally predict two vector and two scalar polarizations. The polarization of gravitational waves is encoded in the spectral shape of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, formed by the superposition of cosmological and individually unresolved astrophysical sources. Using data recorded by Advanced LIGO during its first observing run, we search for a stochastic background of generically polarized gravitational waves. We find no evidence for a background of any polarization, and place the first direct bounds on the contributions of vector and scalar polarizations to the stochastic background. Under log-uniform priors for the energy in each polarization, we limit the energy densities of tensor, vector, and scalar modes at 95% credibility to Ω0T<5.58×10-8, Ω0V<6.35×10-8, and Ω0S<1.08×10-7 at a reference frequency f0=25 Hz. © 2018 American Physical Society

On the progenitor of binary neutron star merger GW170817

On 2017 August 17 the merger of two compact objects with masses consistent with two neutron stars was discovered through gravitational-wave (GW170817), gamma-ray (GRB 170817A), and optical (SSS17a/AT 2017gfo) observations. The optical source was associated with the early-type galaxy NGC 4993 at a distance of just ∼40 Mpc, consistent with the gravitational-wave measurement, and the merger was localized to be at a projected distance of ∼2 kpc away from the galaxy's center. We use this minimal set of facts and the mass posteriors of the two neutron stars to derive the first constraints on the progenitor of GW170817 at the time of the second supernova (SN). We generate simulated progenitor populations and follow the three-dimensional kinematic evolution from binary neutron star (BNS) birth to the merger time, accounting for pre-SN galactic motion, for considerably different input distributions of the progenitor mass, pre-SN semimajor axis, and SN-kick velocity. Though not considerably tight, we find these constraints to be comparable to those for Galactic BNS progenitors. The derived constraints are very strongly influenced by the requirement of keeping the binary bound after the second SN and having the merger occur relatively close to the center of the galaxy. These constraints are insensitive to the galaxy's star formation history, provided the stellar populations are older than 1 Gyr

Constraints on cosmic strings using data from the first Advanced LIGO observing run

Cosmic strings are topological defects which can be formed in grand unified theory scale phase transitions in the early universe. They are also predicted to form in the context of string theory. The main mechanism for a network of Nambu-Goto cosmic strings to lose energy is through the production of loops and the subsequent emission of gravitational waves, thus offering an experimental signature for the existence of cosmic strings. Here we report on the analysis conducted to specifically search for gravitational-wave bursts from cosmic string loops in the data of Advanced LIGO 2015-2016 observing run (O1). No evidence of such signals was found in the data, and as a result we set upper limits on the cosmic string parameters for three recent loop distribution models. In this paper, we initially derive constraints on the string tension Gμ and the intercommutation probability, using not only the burst analysis performed on the O1 data set but also results from the previously published LIGO stochastic O1 analysis, pulsar timing arrays, cosmic microwave background and big-bang nucleosynthesis experiments. We show that these data sets are complementary in that they probe gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loops during very different epochs. Finally, we show that the data sets exclude large parts of the parameter space of the three loop distribution models we consider

Mecanismos de tolerância da variedade de milho "Saracura" (BRS 4154) ao alagamento.

Esta revisao tem por objetivo discutir mecanismos de tolerancia desenvolvidos por plantula da variedade de milho "Saracura" (BRS 4154), que possui, como principal caracteristica, tolerancia a periodos intermitentes de encharcamento do solo. Os primeiros estudos de analise de tolerancia a baixa disponibilidade de oxigenio no meio, sob condicoes controladas, em sala de crescimento, confirmaram essa caracteristica, ao revelar que as plantulas suportam ate quatro dias de hipoxia sem nenhum dano aparente. A partir dai, apresentaram na regiao do mesocotilo, uma regiao translucida, caracteristica de lise celular, a qual evoluiu para uma constricao, como o prolongamento do estresse, causando murcha, tombamento e morte das plantulas. Estudos posteriores revelaram que a deficiencia de oxigenio provocou uma intensa e irreversiviel degradacao da parede, como resultado de uma elevacao na acao, principalmente, das enzimas poligalacturonase de celulase. As causas da tolerancia do milho "Saracura" foram atribuidas a uma resistencia ao ataque de enzimas de degradacao da parede celular, ao desenvolvimento de aerenquimas tanto no colmo quanto nas raizes e a uma alta capacidade de recuperacao da fotossintese apos periodos de alagamento. Foi observado que, na germinacao, o calcio diminuiu o tamanho das plantulas e aumentou a sua tolerancia ao alagamento, retardando o aparecimento da constricao do mesocotilo. Durante a germinacao, na presenca desse elemento, as reservas de carboidratos ficaram preservadas na cariopse, atrasando o desenvolvimento das plantulas e, quando em condicoes de alagamento, essas foram alocadas e utilizadas, permitindo a manutencao do metabolismo celular por mais tempo. Ficou constatado, tambem, que o calcio aumentou a estabilidade da parede celular e induziu um ajustamento osmotico, pelo aumento na concentracao de aminoacidos, principalmente a prolina.200