Heat Pump for Energy Efficient Sugarcane Juice Freeze Pre-Concentration

Freeze pre-concentration system, FPCS, with low lift reversible heat pump is designed for selective freezing of water from sugarcane juice. Two identical vented double wall tube-and-tube heat exchangers are used, to freeze water in the evaporator and melt ice in the condenser, alternately. They are sized based on cooling capacity offered by compressor, ice growth rate and velocity of juice inside the tube to reduce inclusion. Low lift heat pump is designed to operate at -8oC evaporator and 3oC condenser saturation temperatures. Since, the condenser duty is higher than evaporator duty excess heat duty, in the form of superheat is utilized to heat pre-concentrated juice. Raw juice is precooled in a three stream Tube-and-Tube Heat Exchanger, TT_HE. Raw juice is precooled using cool concentrated juice and separated water.  Freeze pre-concentration of sugarcane juice from 20°Brix to 40°Brix using a low lift reversible heat pump saves bagasse during initial 63% water removal. Water is removed through the freezing process requires 335 kJ/kg heat removal, which is equivalent to 15% of heat addition during evaporation at atmospheric pressure in open pan in jaggery making.  Investigations on selection of refrigerant R744, R290 and R22 for FPCS are presented.  R290 is identified as preferred refrigerant. It is natural refrigerant, no ODP and significantly lower operating pressures compared to R744. R290 charge of 360 g for 1.5 TR compressor based system is managed by using small diameter refrigerant side tubes. It address safety related issues for modular small capacity systems.  Superheat temperature of compressed refrigerant is 9oC for R290. It allows to size the identical LHEs with R290 as a refrigerant. Flashing of refrigerant in evaporator is 7% for R290 and 10% R744. Generally, R744 is preferred when high temperature heating is required. But, high superheat at compressor outlet and increased flashing at evaporator inlet reduces the performance of R744 system making it less preferred as compared to R290 and R22. Theoretical cycle COPc calculated for R290 based reversible heat pump works out to be 20, with compressor isentropic efficiency of 70%. Overall system COPc is in the range of 10 to 13 after accounting for losses like cycling of thermal mass, heat gain from ambient, variation in freezing point depression and ice layer thickness. System Carnot efficiency is in the range of 41 to 54%. Power required for 1.5 TR FPCS is 0.4 to 0.6 kWe.  Different juice side tube diameters are considered to find the optimal size, after accounting for effect of thermal mass of heat exchanger, heat pump switching time and inclusion on the energy consumption per unit water separated.  Achievable energy consumption is in the range of 9 to 12 kWhe/m3 of water separated

Marker-Trait Association for Fruit Characters in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars

In the present study, putative marker-trait associations were identified within a core collection of mango cultivars by simple-sequence-repeat marker based association study. A panel of 48 mango varieties which represented the core collection of the South-West region of India, were characterized at the molecular level using 31 simple sequence repeat markers. Morphological characterization included important fruit characteristics viz., fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), pulp content and acidity. The study on population structure revealed two sub-groups in the core collection. Association analysis, computed by General Linear Model (GLM), using TASSEL resulted in the identification of seven markers being associated with the trait titrable acidity where as one marker each of the traits fruit weight and TSS. These traitspecific markers were highly significant at p<0.05 and explained a good amount of phenotypic variation by exhibiting substantial R2 values ranging from 0.71 to 0.86 for acidity, 0.61 for TSS and 0.59 for fruit weight. This is the first report on marker-trait associations (MTA) in mango

The effect of fuel and fuel-oxidizer combinations on ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion technique

We report on the synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO particles by solution combustion technique using new organic fuels such as l-Glutamine, Leucine and l-Valine. The thermal decomposition and combustion of nitrate-organic fuels (precursors) were investigated through TG-DTA and XRD techniques. The results show that, the nitrate-organic fuel (precursor) gels exhibit self-propagating behavior at 400 °C after ignition in air. The effect of fuel and fuel to oxidizer ratio on structural properties of as-synthesized ZnO powder was investigated. It was observed that, the particle size of as-synthesized ZnO powder depends on F/O ratio, which influences the combustion process. The detailed analysis on the structure of as-synthesized ZnO powder was carried out by Rietveld refinement on XRD data and through TEM studies. Further, adiabatic temperature (Tad) was calculated through thermodynamic theoretical calculations for different fuel to oxidizer ratios. The results were discussed on the basis of the correlations established between the Tad, nature of the combustion and structural properties of the resulting powders

Synthesis and interaction of thiazolo [2, 3-a] isoquinoline analog with DNA

569-573A reaction between 1-(furan-2-yl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline and thioglycolic acid using N,N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at 0−5 °C has given 10b-(furan-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-a]isoquinolin-3(10bH)-one [FUIQTGA]. The interaction between FUIQTGA and DNA has been studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques. Static quenching mechanism is observed from fluorescence measurements of interaction between FUIQTGA and DNA. Circular dichroism reveals the minor groove binding mode between FUIQTGA and DNA

Sub-GHz Wrist-Worn Antennas for Wireless Sensing Applications: A Review

With recent advances in wearable wrist-worn wireless sensing applications, the demand for smartwatches and wristbands is rapidly increasing due to their widespread adoption in applications such as smart health monitoring, security, and fitness tracking. Currently, these devices primarily operate in the 2.45 GHz band, leveraging the availability of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless technologies. However, the use of Sub-GHz frequencies (e.g., 433 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 923 MHz) for wearable systems has also gained interest due to the emergence of wireless technologies like long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN), narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) and Sigfox, which offer the potential for long-range wireless communications and sensing applications. In recent times, there has been a notable surge in the commercial production of a variety of Sub-GHz wrist-worn wireless sensing devices for health monitoring and tracking applications. Nevertheless, communications at Sub-GHz frequencies present significant challenges in antenna design, primarily due to the practical size constraints of wrist-worn devices and the necessity for using electrically small antennas. This paper meticulously reviews wrist-worn Sub-GHz antennas reported in the literature, analyzing key antenna parameters such as antenna topology, size, impedance bandwidth, peak realized gain, radiation efficiency, and specific absorption rate (SAR). Additionally, it underlines antenna design challenges, limitations, current trends, and presents potential future perspectives. To the best of the author’s knowledge, there is currently no existing literature comprehensively reviewing Sub-GHz wrist-worn antennas. Therefore, this paper represents the inaugural effort to provide a comprehensive review in this specific domain

TSH Receptor Gene and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

The primary regulators of thyroid activity are the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and its receptor (TSH-R). Studies have shown that genetic variants in the TSHR gene can increase susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). The TSHR gene is located on chromosome 14q31 and encodes a membrane-bound receptor that interacts with TSH to regulate thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. AITD including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are the most common thyroid disorders, affecting millions of people worldwide. In AITD, autoantibodies can bind to and activate the TSHR, leading to increased thyroid hormone production and secretion in GD, or thyroid destruction and hypothyroidism in HT. In addition to its role in thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, some studies also revealed that the TSHR has also been implicated in a variety of other physiological processes, including bone metabolism, reproduction, and immune regulation. Genetic variation in the TSHR region may affect the expression, post-translational processing, and/or protein structure, which in turn may cause or worsen the autoimmune response. The TSHR gene and its products are widely used in diagnostic testing for AITD. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the TSHR and autoantibodies is critical for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AITD

Email System Based on Voice and Biometric Authentication

In the today's world, as the advancement in the technology communication over long distance becomes very important for all the peoples, for visually impaired peoples also. But the hardware such as keyboard, mouse etc, are not user friendly with the visually impaired peoples, so they are not able to access the basic things of technology such as email. Our aim is to make a email system which will help the blind people to communicate through voice, and to improve the security by using biometric authentication. The normal people can also use the system while driving or while they want to use it hands-free. The blind people need not to remember and. As the user will give the commands to the system, it will interact with the user accordingly

Evolution of mechanism of parton energy loss with transverse momentum at RHIC and LHC in relativistic collision of heavy nuclei

We analyze the suppression of particle production at large transverse momenta in ($0-5$ most) central collisions of gold nuclei at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}=$ 200 GeV and lead nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=$ 2.76 TeV. Full next-to-leading order radiative corrections at ${\cal{O}}(\alpha_s^3)$, and nuclear effects like shadowing and parton energy loss are included. The parton energy loss is implemented in a simple multiple scattering model, where the partons lose an energy $\epsilon=\lambda \times dE/dx$ per collision, where $\lambda$ is their mean free path. We take $\epsilon=\kappa E$ for a treatment which is suggestive of the Bethe Heitler (BH) mechanism of incoherent scatterings, $\epsilon = \sqrt{\alpha E}$ for LPM mechanism, and $\epsilon=$ constant for a mechanism which suggests that the rate of energy loss ($dE/dx$) of the partons is proportional to total path length ($L$) of the parton in the plasma, as the formation time of the radiated gluon becomes much larger than $L$. We find that while the BH mechanism describes the nuclear modification factor $R_{\textrm{AA}}$ for $p_T \leq$ 5 GeV/$c$ (especially at RHIC energy), the LPM and more so the constant $dE/dx$ mechanism provides a good description at larger $p_T$. This confirms the earlier expectation that the energy loss mechanism for partons changes from BH to LPM for $p_T \ge \lambda$, where $\lambda \approx$ 1 fm and $\approx$ 1 GeV$^2$ is the average transverse kick-squared received by the parton per collision. The energy loss per collision at the $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$ =2.76 TeV is found to be about twice of that at 0.2 TeV.Comment: Discussion expanded, additional references added, 14 pages, 6 figures, To appear in Journal of Physics

Parton cascade description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at CERN SPS energies ?

We examine Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS energy 158 A GeV, by employing the earlier developed and recently refined parton-cascade/cluster-hadronization model and its Monte Carlo implementation. This space-time model involves the dynamical interplay of perturbative QCD parton production and evolution, with non-perturbative parton-cluster formation and hadron production through cluster decays. Using computer simulations, we are able to follow the entwined time-evolution of parton and hadron degrees of freedom in both position and momentum space, from the instant of nuclear overlap to the final yield of particles. We present and discuss results for the multiplicity distributions, which agree well with the measured data from the CERN SPS, including those for K mesons. The transverse momentum distributions of the produced hadrons are also found to be in good agreement with the preliminary data measured by the NA49 and the WA98 collaboration for the collision of lead nuclei at the CERN SPS. The analysis of the time evolution of transverse energy deposited in the collision zone and the energy density suggests an existence of partonic matter for a time of more than 5 fm.Comment: 16 pages including 7 postscript figure

IRDO: Iris Recognition by Fusion of DTCWT and OLBP

Iris Biometric is a physiological trait of human beings. In this paper, we propose Iris an Recognition using Fusion of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) and Over Lapping Local Binary Pattern (OLBP) Features. An eye is preprocessed to extract the iris part and obtain the Region of Interest (ROI) area from an iris. The complex wavelet features are extracted for region from the Iris DTCWT. OLBP is further applied on ROI to generate features of magnitude coefficients. The resultant features are generated by fusing DTCWT and OLBP using arithmetic addition. The Euclidean Distance (ED) is used to compare test iris with database iris features to identify a person. It is observed that the values of Total Success Rate (TSR) and Equal Error Rate (EER) are better in the case of proposed IRDO compared to the state-of-the art technique