Universal persistence exponents in an extremally driven system

The local persistence R(t), defined as the proportion of the system still in its initial state at time t, is measured for the Bak--Sneppen model. For 1 and 2 dimensions, it is found that the decay of R(t) depends on one of two classes of initial configuration. For a subcritical initial state, R(t)\sim t^{-\theta}, where the persistence exponent \theta can be expressed in terms of a known universal exponent. Hence \theta is universal. Conversely, starting from a supercritical state, R(t) decays by the anomalous form 1-R(t)\sim t^{\tau_{\rm ALL}} until a finite time t_{0}, where \tau_{\rm ALL} is also a known exponent. Finally, for the high dimensional model R(t) decays exponentially with a non--universal decay constant.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Extremal driving as a mechanism for generating long-term memory

It is argued that systems whose elements are renewed according to an extremal criterion can generally be expected to exhibit long-term memory. This is verified for the minimal extremally driven model, which is first defined and then solved for all system sizes N\geq2 and times t\geq0, yielding exact expressions for the persistence R(t)=[1+t/(N-1)]^{-1} and the two-time correlation function C(t_{\rm w}+t,t_{\rm w})=(1-1/N)(N+t_{\rm w})/(N+t_{\rm w}+t-1). The existence of long-term memory is inferred from the scaling of C(t_{\rm w}+t,t_{\rm w})\sim f(t/t_{\rm w}), denoting {\em aging}. Finally, we suggest ways of investigating the robustness of this mechanism when competing processes are present.Comment: 5 pages, no figures; requires IOP style files. To appear as a J. Phys. A. lette

Chemical propulsion research at MSFC

Chemical propulsion research reviews at Marshall Space Flight Cente

Comparing research investment to United Kingdom institutions and published outputs for tuberculosis, HIV and malaria: A systematic analysis across 1997-2013

Background: The "Unfinished Agenda" of infectious diseases is of great importance to policymakers and research funding agencies that require ongoing research evidence on their effective management. Journal publications help effectively share and disseminate research results to inform policy and practice. We assess research investments to United Kingdom institutions in HIV, tuberculosis and malaria, and analyse these by numbers of publications and citations and by disease and type of science. Methods: Information on infection-related research investments awarded to United Kingdom institutions across 1997-2010 were sourced from funding agencies and individually categorised by disease and type of science. Publications were sourced from the Scopus database via keyword searches and filtered to include only publications relating to human disease and containing a United Kingdom-based first and/or last author. Data were matched by disease and type of science categories. Investment (United Kingdom pounds) and publications were compared to generate an 'investment per publication' metric; similarly, an 'investment per citation' metric was also developed as a measure of the usefulness of research. Results: Total research investment for all three diseases was £1.4 billion, and was greatest for HIV (£651.4 million), followed by malaria (£518.7 million) and tuberculosis (£239.1 million). There were 17,271 included publications, with 9,322 for HIV, 4,451 for malaria, and 3,498 for tuberculosis. HIV publications received the most citations (254,949), followed by malaria (148,559) and tuberculosis (100,244). According to UK pound per publication, tuberculosis (£50,691) appeared the most productive for investment, compared to HIV (£61,971) and malaria (£94,483). By type of science, public health research was most productive for HIV (£27,296) and tuberculosis (£22,273), while phase I-III trials were most productive for malaria (£60,491). According to UK pound per citation, tuberculosis (£1,797) was the most productive area for investment, compared to HIV (£2,265) and malaria (£2,834). Public health research was the most productive type of science for HIV (£2,265) and tuberculosis (£1,797), whereas phase I-III trials were most productive for malaria (£1,713). Conclusions: When comparing total publications and citations with research investment to United Kingdom institutions, tuberculosis research appears to perform best in terms of efficiency. There were more public health-related publications and citations for HIV and tuberculosis than other types of science. These findings demonstrate the diversity of research funding and outputs, and provide new evidence to inform research investment strategies for policymakers, funders, academic institutions, and healthcare organizations.Infectious Disease Research Networ

Inequalities in time from stopping paid work to death: findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study, 2001 to 2011

Background: United Kingdom State pension eligibility ages are linked to average life expectancy, which ignores wide socioeconomic disparities in health, and overall, life expectancy. Objectives: Investigate whether there are occupational social class differences in the amount of time older adults live after they stop work, and how much of these differences are due to health. Methods: Participants were 76 485 members of the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS), who were 50-75y at the 2001 census and had stopped work by the 2011 census. Over 10 years of follow-up, we used censored linear regression to estimate mean differences in years between stopping work and death by occupational social class. Results: After adjustment for age, both social class and health were independent predictors of post-work duration [Mean difference (95% CI): Unskilled class vs Professional 2.7yrs (2.4, 3.1); not good vs good health 2.4yrs (1.9; 2.9)], with LS members in the three manual classes experiencing ~1 additional year of post-work duration than professional workers (interaction p-values all <0.001). Further adjustment for gender and educational qualifications reduced, but did not eliminate social class and post-work duration associations. We estimate the difference in post-work years between professional classes in good health and unskilled workers not in good health as 5.1 years for women (21.0 vs 26.1) and 5.5 years for men (19.5 vs 25.0). Conclusions: Lower social class groups are negatively affected by uniform state pension ages, because they are more likely to stop work at younger ages due to health reasons

Glassy dynamics in granular compaction

Two models are presented to study the influence of slow dynamics on granular compaction. It is found in both cases that high values of packing fraction are achieved only by the slow relaxation of cooperative structures. Ongoing work to study the full implications of these results is discussed.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures; accepted in J. Phys: Condensed Matter, proceedings of the Trieste workshop on 'Unifying concepts in glass physics

Ab Initio Study of Screw Dislocations in Mo and Ta: A new picture of plasticity in bcc transition metals

We report the first ab initio density-functional study of screw dislocations cores in the bcc transition metals Mo and Ta. Our results suggest a new picture of bcc plasticity with symmetric and compact dislocation cores, contrary to the presently accepted picture based on continuum and interatomic potentials. Core energy scales in this new picture are in much better agreement with the Peierls energy barriers to dislocation motion suggested by experiments.Comment: 3 figures, 3 table

Fluctuation-dissipation relations in trap models

Trap models are intuitively appealing and often solvable models of glassy dynamics. In particular, they have been used to study aging and the resulting out-of-equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation relations between correlations and response functions. In this note I show briefly that one such relation, first given by Bouchaud and Dean, is valid for a general class of mean-field trap models: it relies only on the way a perturbation affects the transition rates, but is independent of the distribution of trap depths and the form of the unperturbed transition rates, and holds for all observables that are uncorrelated with the energy. The model with Glauber dynamics and an exponential distribution of trap depths, as considered by Barrat and Mezard, does not fall into this class if the perturbation is introduced in the standard way by shifting all trap energies. I show that a similar relation between response and correlation nevertheless holds for the out-of-equilibrium dynamics at low temperatures. The results point to intriguing parallels between trap models with energetic and entropic barriers.Comment: Extended introduction and discussion of relation to results of cond-mat/0303445. 13 pages, 2 figures, IOP styl

Lunar International Science Coordination/Calibration Targets

A new era of international lunar exploration has begun and will expand over the next four years with data acquired from at least four sophisticated remote sensing missions: KAGUYA (SELENE) [Japan], Chang'E [China], Chandrayaan-l [India], and LRO [United States]. It is recognized that this combined activity at the Moon with modern sophisticated sensors wi II provide unprecedented new information about the Moon and will dramatically improve our understanding of Earth's nearest neighbor. It is anticipated that the blooming of scientific exploration of the Moon by nations involved in space activities will seed and foster peaceful international coordination and cooperation that will benefit all. Summarized here are eight Lunar International Science Coordination/Calibration Targets (L-ISCT) that are intended to a) allow cross-calibration of diverse multi-national instruments and b) provide a focus for training young scientists about a range of lunar science issues. The targets, discussed at several scientific forums, were selected for coordinated science and instrument calibration of orbital data. All instrument teams are encouraged to participate in a coordinated activity of early-release data that will improve calibration and validation of data across independent and diverse instruments

Slowly driven sandpile formation with granular mixtures

We introduce a one-dimensional sandpile model with $N$ different particle types and an infinitesimal driving rate. The parameters for the model are the N^2 critical slopes for one type of particle on top of another. The model is trivial when N=1, but for N=2 we observe four broad classes of sandpile structure in different regions of the parameter space. We describe and explain the behaviour of each of these classes, giving quantitative analysis wherever possible. The behaviour of sandpiles with N>2 essentially consists of combinations of these four classes. We investigate the model's robustness and highlight the key areas that any experiment designed to reproduce these results should focus on