Cyanogenesis inhibits active defense reactions in plants.

In the course of fungal attack on the cyanogenic rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.-Arg.) HCN is liberated from infected tissue. The HCN interferes with plant host and fungal pathogen. It becomes inhibitory to active defense responses which are dependent on biosynthetic processes as far as a threshold concentration is transgressed

Protein patterns of ripe seeds of Theobroma cacao, Theobroma grandiflorum, and Theobroma bicolor.

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Comparative LCA technology improvement opportunities for a 1.5 MW wind turbine in the context of an offshore wind farm

Wind energy is playing an increasingly important role in the development of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies leading to projections in reliability and performance of future wind turbine designs. This paper presents life cycle assessment (LCA) results of design variations for a 1.5 MW wind turbine due to the potential for advances in technology to improve the performance of a 1.5 MW wind turbine. Five LCAs have been conducted for design variants of a 1.5 MW wind turbine. The objective is to evaluate potential environmental impacts per kilowatt hour of electricity generated for a 114 MW onshore wind farm. Results for the baseline turbine show that higher contributions to impacts were obtained in the categories Ozone Depletion Potential, Marine Aquatic Eco-toxicity Potential, Human Toxicity Potential and Terrestrial Eco-toxicity Potential compared to Technology Improvement Opportunities (TIOs) 1 to 4. Compared to the baseline turbine, TIO 1 showed increased impact contributions to Abiotic Depletion Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, Global Warming Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential, and TIO 2 showed an increase in contributions to Abiotic Depletion Potential, Acidification Potential and Global Warming Potential. Additionally, lower contributions to all the environmental categories were observed for TIO 3 while increased contributions towards Abiotic Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential were noted for TIO 4. A comparative LCA study of wind turbine design variations for a particular power rating has not been explored in the literature. This study presents new insight into the environmental implications related with projected wind turbine design advancements

Genetic signatures of variation in population size in a native fungal pathogen after the recent intensive plantation of its host tree

Historical fluctuations in forests’ distribution driven by past climate changes and anthropogenic activities can have large impacts on the demographic history of pathogens that have a long co-evolution history with these host trees. Using a population genetic approach, we investigated that hypothesis by reconstructing the demographic history of Armillaria ostoyae, one of the major pathogens of the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), in the largest monospecific pine planted forest in Europe (south-western France). Genetic structure analyses and approximate Bayesian computation approaches revealed that a single pathogen population underwent a severe reduction in effective size (12 times lower) 1080–2080 generations ago, followed by an expansion (4 times higher) during the last 4 generations. These results are consistent with the history of the maritime pine forest in the region characterized by a strong recession during the last glaciation (~19 000 years ago) and massive plantations during the second half of the nineteenth century. Results suggest that recent and intensive plantations of a host tree population have offered the opportunity for a rapid spread and adaptation of their pathogens

Protein patterns of ripe seeds of Theobroma cacao, T. grandiflorum, and T. bicolor.

Presentation about protein patterns of ripe seeds of cacao, cupuacu, and cupui

Cyanogenesis and plant resistance to microbial attack.

Cyanogenic glucosides are metabolized during the development of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings. Changes in the content of cyanogen were analyzed in other Hevea species and varieties. Whereas the content of linamarin stored in the endosperm decreased in all Hevea species, the amount of cianogenic glucosides in the developing seedling varied greatly

Aplicação de KCN e linamarina e a incompatibilidade de enxertia por translocação no clone de seringueira IPA 1 KCN and linamarin applications and the translocation incompatibility of crown clones of Hevea sp. budded onto IPA 1

Para caracterizar evidências indiretas do envolvimento dos glicosídeos cianogênicos da seringueira, cujo principal componente é a linamarina, no desenvolvimento dos sintomas de incompatibilidade de enxertia por translocação apresentados pelo clone de painel IPA 1 (Hevea brasiliensis) em enxertos de copa com vários clones de outras espécies de Hevea, tentou-se sua reprodução através da aplicação de soluções com concentrações de cianeto de potássio (KCN) e linamarina no caule do clone IPA 1 e dos clones Fx 4098 e Fx 3864, que não apresentam reação de incompatibilidade com os mesmos clones incompatíveis com o IPA 1. A aplicação de soluções de KCN no caule provocaram rápida coagulação do látex nos laticíferos do IPA 1 com concentrações muito baixas de KCN e mais altas no Fx 4098. No Fx 3864, não houve efeito, exceto leve redução de escoamento com a dose mais alta. Os tratamentos com KCN causaram necrose apenas próximo ao local das aplicações. Com soluções de linamarina, a necrose, também precedida pela coagulação do látex, ocorreu em maior extensão do caule, o que indica maior mobilidade de linamarina, que do KCN. O IPA 1 mostrou-se, novamente, mais sensível às concentrações mais baixas de linamarina, com doses mais altas provocando os mesmos efeitos no Fx 4098 e sem ocorrência de efeitos no Fx 3864. Nos tratamentos com linamarina observou-se o acúmulo de HCN livre na casca do caule do clone IPA 1, responsável pelos sintomas observados. A incompatibilidade com o IPA 1 é provocada pela translocação de glicosídios cianogênicos das copas enxertadas no IPA 1, que não é dotado de suficiente capacidade de remoção do HCN liberado na hidrólise desses glicosídios, tendo o Fx 3864 apresentado desintoxicação mais eficiente.<br>To further evaluate previous indirect evidences of a role for the rubber tree cyanogenic glycosides, of which the main component is linamarin, this study evaluated the translocation incompatibility of the clone IPA 1 (Hevea brasiliensis) with budded crowns of clones of other species. Solutions of KCN were first applied, which caused rapid coagulation of the latex in the laticiphers of IPA 1, at very low concentrations, the same effect being observed in Fx 4098 at higher concentrations. The clone Fx 3864 presented no effect, only a slight reduction of the latex flow at the highest concentration. With linamarin solutions the necrosis, again preceded by latex coagulation, spread longer along the stem, indicating a higher mobility of linamarin than KCN. The clone IPA 1 behaved again sensitive to the lower concentrations of linamarin, with the higher concentrations causing the same effects on Fx 4098 and no effect on Fx 3864. With linamarin a build up of free HCN was detected in the bark of IPA 1. The incompatibility with IPA 1 is caused by the translocation of cianogenic glycosides from the budded crowns to the stem which is deprived of sufficient capacity to remove the HCN liberated by the hydrolisis of cyanogenic glicosides, while the Fx 3864 presented a very efficient detoxifying capacity