Fisheries policies for a new era

This Guidance Note presents a simple approach to analyzing the governance context for development of aquatic agricultural systems; it is intended as an aid to action research, and a contribution to effective program planning and evaluation. It provides a brief introduction to the value of assessing governance collaboratively, summarizes an analytical framework, and offers practical guidance on three stages of the process: identifying obstacles and opportunities, debating strategies for influence, and planning collaborative actions

Ion and polymer dynamics in polymer electrolytes PPO-LiClO4: II. 2H and 7Li NMR stimulated-echo experiment

We use 2H NMR stimulated-echo spectroscopy to measure two-time correlation functions characterizing the polymer segmental motion in polymer electrolytes PPO-LiClO4 near the glass transition temperature Tg. To investigate effects of the salt on the polymer dynamics, we compare results for different ether oxygen to lithium ratios, namely, 6:1, 15:1, 30:1 and infinity. For all compositions, we find nonexponential correlation functions, which can be described by a Kohlrausch function. The mean correlation times show quantitatively that an increase of the salt concentration results in a strong slowing down of the segmental motion. Consistently, for the high 6:1 salt concentration, a high apparent activation energy E_a=4.1eV characterizes the temperature dependence of the mean correlation times at Tg < T< 1.1T_g, while smaller values E_a=2.5eV are observed for moderate salt contents. The correlation functions are most nonexponential for 15:1 PPO-LiClO4, whereas the stretching is reduced for higher and lower salt concentrations. A similar dependence of the correlation functions on the evolution time in the presence and in the absence of ions indicates that addition of salt hardly affects the reorientational mechanism. For all compositions, mean jump angles of about 15 degree characterize the segmental reorientation. In addition, comparison of results from 2H and 7Li NMR stimulated-echo experiments suggests a coupling of ion and polymer dynamics in 15:1 PPO-LiClO4.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figure

Inelastic Proton‐Proton Scattering at Very High Energy

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87855/2/99_1.pd

Experimental methods in chemical engineering: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-XPS

X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a quantitative surface analysis technique used to identify the elemental composition, empiricalformula, chemical state, and electronic state of an element. The kinetic energy of the electrons escaping from the material surface irradiated by anx\u2010ray beam produces a spectrum. XPS identifies chemical species and quantifies their content and the interactions between surface species. It isminimally destructive and is sensitive to a depth between 1\u201310 nm. The elemental sensitivity is in the order of 0.1 atomic %. It requires ultra highvacuum (1 7107 12Pa) in the analysis chamber and measurement time varies from minutes to hours per sample depending on the analyte. XPSdates back 50 years ago. New spectrometers, detectors, and variable size photon beams, reduce analysis time and increase spatial resolution. AnXPS bibliometric map of the 10 000 articles indexed by Web of Science[1]identifies five research clusters: (i) nanoparticles, thin films, and surfaces;(ii) catalysis, oxidation, reduction, stability, and oxides; (iii) nanocomposites, graphene, graphite, and electro\u2010chemistry; (iv) photocatalysis,water, visible light, andTiO2; and (v) adsorption, aqueous solutions, and waste water

Immobilization of Polyethylene Oxide Surfactants for Non-Fouling Biomaterial Surfaces Using an Argon Glow Discharge Treatment

A non-fouling (protein-resistant) polymer surface is achieved by the covalent immobilization of polyethylene oxide (PEO) surfactants using an inert gas discharge treatment. Treated surfaces have been characterized using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS), water contact angle measurement, fibrinogen adsorption, and platelet adhesion. This paper is intended to review our recent work in using this simple surface modification process to obtain wettable polymer surfaces in general, and non-fouling biomaterial surfaces in particular

On the low-temperature lattice thermal transport in nanowires

We propose a theory of low temperature thermal transport in nano-wires in the regime where a competition between phonon and flexural modes governs the relaxation processes. Starting with the standard kinetic equations for two different types of quasiparticles we derive a general expression for the coefficient of thermal conductivity. The underlying physics of thermal conductance is completely determined by the corresponding relaxation times, which can be calculated directly for any dispersion of quasiparticles depending on the size of a system. We show that if the considered relaxation mechanism is dominant, then at small wire diameters the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity experiences a crossover from $T^{1/2}$ to $T^3$-dependence. Quantitative analysis shows reasonable agreement with resent experimental results.Comment: 12 pages, 3 eps figure

Photoproduction of Long-Lived Holes and Electronic Processes in Intrinsic Electric Fields Seen through Photoinduced Absorption and Dichroism in Ca_3Ga_{2-x}Mn_xGe_3O_{12} Garnets

Long-lived photoinduced absorption and dichroism in the Ca_3Ga_{2-x}Mn_xGe_3O_{12} garnets with x < 0.06 were examined versus temperature and pumping intensity. Unusual features of the kinetics of photoinduced phenomena are indicative of the underlying electronic processes. The comparison with the case of Ca_3Mn_2Ge_3O_{12}, explored earlier by the authors, permits one to finally establish the main common mechanisms of photoinduced absorption and dichroism caused by random electric fields of photoproduced charges (hole polarons). The rate of their diffusion and relaxation through recombination is strongly influenced by the same fields, whose large statistical straggling is responsible for a broad continuous set of relaxation components (observed in the relaxation time range from 1 to about 1000 min). For Ca_3Ga_{2-x}Mn_xGe_3O_{12}, the time and temperature dependences of photoinduced absorption and dichroism bear a strong imprint of structure imperfection increasing with x.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figure

Development and characterization of a stable adhesive bond between a poly(dimethylsiloxane) catheter material and a bacterial biofilm resistant acrylate polymer coating

Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) are the most common health related infections world wide, contributing significantly to patient morbidity and mortality and increased health care costs. To reduce the incidence of these infections, new materials that resist bacterial biofilm formation are needed. A composite catheter material, consisting of bulk PDMS coated with a novel bacterial biofilm resistant polyacrylate (EGDPEA–co-DEGMA) has been proposed. The coated material shows excellent bacterial resistance when compared to commercial catheter materials but delamination of the coatings under mechanical stress presents a challenge. In this work, the use of oxygen plasma treatment to improve the wettability and reactivity of the PDMS catheter material and improve adhesion with the EGDPEA–co-DEGMA coating has been investigated. Argon Cluster 3D-imaging Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been used to probe the buried adhesive interface between the EGDPEA–co-DEGMA coating and the treated PDMS. ToF-SIMS analysis was performed in both dry and frozen-hydrated states and results were compared to mechanical tests. From the ToF-SIMS data we have been able to observe the presence of PDMS, silicates, salt particles, cracks and water at the adhesive interface. In the dry catheters, low molecular weight PDMS oligomers at the interface were associated with poor adhesion. When hydrated, the hydrophilic silicates attracted water to the interface and led to easy delamination of the coating. The best adhesion results, under hydrated conditions, were obtained using a combination of 5 min O2 plasma treatment and silane primers. Cryo-ToF-SIMS analysis of the hydrated catheter material showed that the bond between the primed PDMS catheter and the EGDPEA–co-DEGMA coating was stable in the presence of water. The resulting catheter material was resisted Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis biofilm colonization by up to 95 % compared with uncoated PDMS after 10 days of continuous bacterial exposure and had the mechanical properties necessary for use as a urinary catheter

In-plane optical response of Bi2Sr2CuO6

We report on infrared reflectivity measurements of the $ab$-plane response of superconducting Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CuO$_6$ single crystals. The frequency dependent conductivity has a maximum near 700 cm$^{-1}$ at room temperature, which shifts to lower frequency and merges with a Drude-peak below 100 K. We attribute the unusual behaviour of the mid-infrared conductivity to low frequency transitions between electronic bands of mainly BiO character near the $\overline{M}$ point. The linear temperature dependence of the low-frequency resistivity can be followed down to approximately 40 K where it saturates.Comment: Revtex, 4 pages, 4 postscript figures, Phys. Rev. B, in pres

The Formal Dynamism of Categories: Stops vs. Fricatives, Primitivity vs. Simplicity

Minimalist Phonology (MP; Pöchtrager 2006) constructs its theory based on the phonological epistemological principle (Kaye 2001) and exposes the arbitrary nature of standard Government Phonology (sGP) and strict-CV (sCV), particularly with reference to their confusion of melody and structure. For Pöchtrager, these are crucially different, concluding that place of articulation is melodic (expressed with elements), while manner of articulation is structural. In this model, the heads (xN and xO) can license and incorporate the length of the other into their own interpretation, that is xN influences xO projections as well as its own and vice versa. This dynamism is an aspect of the whole framework and this paper in particular will show that stops and fricatives evidence a plasticity of category and that, although fricatives are simpler in structure, stops are the more primitive of the two. This will be achieved phonologically through simply unifying the environment of application of the licensing forces within Pöchtrager's otherwise sound onset structure. In doing so, we automatically make several predictions about language acquisition and typology and show how lenition in Qiang (Sino-Tibetan) can be more elegantly explained