The Act of State Doctrine and its Exceptions: An Introduction

The act of state doctrine poses a serious obstacle for plaintiffs seeking redress in United States courts for wrongful public acts by a recognized foreign sovereign within its own territory. Depending on the circumstances, however, various exceptions to the Doctrine may be invoked. This article is intended to be a brief introduction to the Doctrine and its exceptions and a survey of recent cases in which the Doctrine was construed by United States courts. The present inquiry into the nature and scope of the doctrine begins with the seminal case, Underhill v. Hernandez ... Almost all of the early case law around which the doctrine developed involved situations in which plaintiff was asserting the wrongful taking of property by revolutionary governments or military officials in the midst of political turmoil. The net effect of these decisions was to establish a rule that expropriation, nationalization, or confiscation of property by a foreign government (either before or after the taking) would be recognized by United States courts. The modern restatement of this rule and the current foundation for development of most act of state doctrine case law is found in Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino

The design of a new solid state electronic iterative differential analyzer making maximum use of integrated circuits

Design criteria for solid state electronic, high speed iterative differential analyzer using integrated circuit

Hybrid computer Monte-Carlo techniques

Hybrid analog-digital computer systems for Monte Carlo method application

Defense of the Free World in the Atomic Age [An Address by Dr. James B. Conant for the Committee on the Present Danger, June 3, 1951]

This address, the thirteenth of a series of weekly broadcasts under the auspices of the Committee of the Present Danger, was delivered Sunday, June 3, 1951, over the network of the Mutual Broadcasting System.https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/books_pubs/1364/thumbnail.jp

Adjustment and Sensitivity Analyses of a Beta Global Rangeland Model

G-Range is a global model that simulates generalized changes in rangelands through time, created with support from the International Livestock Research Institute. Spatial data and a set of parameters that control plant growth and other ecological attributes in landscape units combine with computer code to represent ecological process such as soil nutrient and water dynamics, vegetation growth, fire, and wild and domestic animal offtake. The model is spatial, with areas of the world divided into square cells

Complement activation in the Parkinson's disease substantia nigra: an immunocytochemical study

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory processes are increased in the Parkinson's disease (PD) brain. The long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been associated, in retrospective studies, with decreased risk for PD, suggesting that inflammation may contribute to development of this disorder. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of complement activation, a major inflammatory mechanism, in PD. METHODS: Substantia nigra specimens from young normal subjects (n = 11–13), aged normal subjects (n = 24–28), and subjects with PD (n = 19–20), Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 12–13), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 9) were stained for iC3b and C9, representing early- and late-stage complement activation, respectively. Numbers of iC3b(+), C9(+), and total melanized neurons in each section were counted in a blinded fashion. Nonparametric analyses were used to evaluate differences between groups and to evaluate correlations between complement staining, numbers of melanized neurons, and the duration of PD. RESULTS: Lewy bodies in both PD and DLB specimens stained for iC3b and C9. Staining was also prominent on melanized neurons. The percentage of iC3b(+ )neurons was significantly increased in PD vs. aged normal and AD specimens, and in young normal vs. aged normal specimens. C9 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in PD vs. AD specimens, but unlike iC3b, the increased C9 staining in PD and young normal specimens did not achieve statistical significance vs. aged normal specimens. iC3b and C9 staining in PD specimens was not correlated with the numbers of remaining melanized neurons, nor with the duration of PD. CONCLUSION: Complement activation occurs on Lewy bodies and melanized neurons in the PD substantia nigra. Early complement activation (iC3b) is increased on melanized neurons in PD vs. aged normal specimens, and late-stage complement activation (C9) also tends to increase. This latter finding suggests that complement activation may contribute to loss of dopaminergic neurons in some individuals with PD. Complement activation on melanized neurons appears to decrease with normal aging, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role for this process in the normal substantia nigra