The Death of Fair Use in Cyberspace: YouTube and the Problem With Content ID

YouTube has grown exponentially over the past several years. With that growth came unprecedented levels of copyright infringement by uploaders on the site, forcing YouTube’s parent company, Google Inc., to introduce a new technology known as Content ID. This tool allows YouTube to automatically scan and identify potential cases of copyright infringement on an unparalleled scale. However, Content ID is overbroad in its identification of copyright infringement, often singling out legitimate uses of content. Every potential case of copyright infringement identified by Content ID triggers an automatic copyright claim on behalf of the copyright holder on YouTube and subsequently freezes all revenue streams, for all parties, regardless of the legitimacy of the underlying claim. Using the plight of one video game reviewer known as “Angry Joe” as a paradigmatic example of the problems that Content ID can create, this Issue Brief argues that in its present form, Content ID has had disastrous consequences for the doctrine of fair use, YouTube itself, and ultimately, the very spirit of copyright law. By shifting the neutral presumption accompanied with fair use against the uploader, Content ID effectively overrides judicial precedent

The effects of selenium and vitamin E deficiency and subsequent selenium supplementation on immune response in chicks

This experiment was conducted in an effort to track the healing process in chicks resupplemented with selenium following a combined selenium and vitamin E deficiency. Chicks were fed a low selenium diet with no added vitamin E or synthetic antioxidant. A control group was fed the same diet with 0.1 mg selenite selenium added per kilogram. Selenium-deficient chicks first displayed visible symptoms of exudative diathesis at 10 days of age. Trios of birds were matched for severity. Two birds were treated with an injection of 0.15 ?g selenite selenium in 1 mL distilled water. The remaining bird was given an injection of l mL distilled water. The process was repeated for the five remaining trios of chicks. Immune responses were observed among each group. In selenium-deficient chicks, leukocyte counts more than doubled. Heterophil counts for this group were also increased. Upon reconstitution of selenium, leukocyte heterophil, monocyte, and basophil counts approached normal values. Eosinophils, however, increased in number in the selenium corrected-group. The selenium-deficient birds displayed evidence of cellular damage, as indicated by the results of the blood chemistries. An increase in immature erythroid cellular elements resulted in a myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio of 0.45. The deficient group had the highest heterophil and lowest lymphocyte counts. Necrosis in the pectoral muscle and varying degrees of pancreatic fibrosis were also observed. In birds resupplemented with selenium, fibrosis was extensive, and necrosis was uncommon. The (M:E) ratio was 1, as was the case with the selenium-adequate birds. Leukocyte and heterophil counts in selenium-corrected birds were similar to those observed in the selenium-adequate birds. However, the selenium-corrected birds had the lowest body weights over a 27-day period. Resupplementation of selenium in the diet decreased the severity of exudative diathesis, myocyte necrosis and began to restore immunocompetence in chicks. Immunological criteria in selenium-adequate birds was normal

Atmosphere Behavior in Gas-Closed Mouse-Algal Systems: An Experimental and Modelling Study

A dual approach of mathematical modelling and laboratory experimentation aimed at examining the gas exchange characteristics of artificial animal/plant systems closed to the ambient atmosphere was initiated. The development of control techniques and management strategies for maintaining the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen at physiological levels is examined. A mathematical model simulating the atmospheric behavior in these systems was developed and an experimental gas closed system was constructed. These systems are described and preliminary results are presented

Globalization of Pantoja's optimal control algorithm

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0075-5_13In 1983 Pantoja described a stagewise construction of the Newton direction for a general class of discrete time optimal control problems. His algorithm incurs amazingly low overheads: the cost (measured in target function evaluations) is independent of the number of discrete time-steps. The algorithm can be modified to verify that the Hessian contains no eigen values less than a postulated quantity, and to produce an appropriate descent direction in the case where the Hessian fails to be positive definite and global convergence becomes an issue. Coleman and Liao have proposed a specific damping strategy in this context. Here we describe how Automatic Differentiation can be used to implement Pantoja’s algorithm, and we briefly consider some alternative globalization strategies, within which AD techniques can be further deployed.Final Accepted Versio

Imide and isatin derivatives as β-lactam mimics of β-lactam antibiotics

Activated γ-lactams, which are derivatives of succinimide, phthalimide and isatin with suitable elements of molecular recognition, have been synthesised as mimics of the ß-lactam antibiotics and their chemical and biological reactivity determined

Application of GIS to Prioritize Brownfield Sites for Green Building Construction Based on LEED Criteria

Although there are many initiatives to create incentives for investors and developers to invest in and redevelop brownfield sites, efficient prioritization of brownfields by taking into account environmental, economic, and social constraints remains a challenge. This study introduces a method to screen numerous brownfields over large geographic areas by using geographic information systems (GIS) and to assess and prioritize such sites for green building suitability based on leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) criteria. A case study was completed for the greater Bridgeport, Connecticut region. With 279 brownfield sites, the city has among the highest number of brownfields in the state. Variables chosen to determine suitability and prioritization were based on LEED version 4 for New Construction and Major Renovation. Chosen variables input into GIS make up 13 points on the LEED checklist. The developed method proved to be efficient for analyzing large numbers of brownfields, making it a viable option for governments and developers alike to make informed decisions for brownfield redevelopment. The study demonstrates that GIS can be used to streamline prioritization of brownfield sites, while at the same time guiding site selection for green buildings

On composite laminates with extensional anisotropy

The definite list of extensionally (membrane) anisotropic composite laminates with up to 21 plies is presented. The listings comprise of individual stacking sequences, which are characterized in terms of angle- and cross-ply sub-sequence relationships as well as the blend-ratio of unbalanced angle-plies. Dimensionless parameters, including lamination parameters, are provided, from which the extensional and bending stiffness terms are readily calculated and an assessment of the bending stiffness efficiency made for angle- and cross-ply sub-sequences. Comparisons are made between the structural response of extensionally-anisotropic laminates and laminates with both extensional- and bending-anisotropy; Initial- and post-buckling responses are considered at the panel level together with the static response of a complete wing-box structure

Benefits of undergraduate participation in faculty research in natural resources

Graduate student assistance with faculty research is common in university natural resource programs. Traditionally, undergraduate students are involved less with research programs of faculty. The Uintah Basin Branch Campus of Utah State University provides a unique setting for developing research projects in natural resources that involve undergraduates. We use a research project on the control of greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) iin the Book Cliffs, Utah to illustrate the benefits and challenges for undergraduate students and faculty of collaboration on research. Students benefit by interacting with faculty outside the classroom; by applying classroom learning to field problems; and by working with natural resource management personnel. Faculty benefit by observing the ability of students to apply classroom learning to field situations; by maintaining a scholarly research program; and by interacting with students outside the classroom

Secondary metabolite profiling of the model legume Lotus japonicus during its symbiotic interaction with Mesorhizobium loti

Plant secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids, are key components in the early stages of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Despite their importance, the endogenous secondary metabolites involved in symbiosis have not yet been identified in the model legume Lotus japonicus. We therefore determined changes in the secondary metabolic profile of Lotus japonicus roots in response to its symbiont. Analysis of the root secondary metabolite profiles 1 week after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti revealed quantitative changes in the level of 14 phenolic peaks when compared with non-inoculated control plants. These changes affected compounds from most phenolic classes, possibly resulting from interconversion between classes since the total phenolic level remained constant. In addition, the use of 2 M. loti strains differing only in their capacity to synthesise Nod factor revealed that, although Nod factor signalling induced accumulation of a specific subset of 4 phenolic peaks, most changes were induced in response to both rhizobial strains.NR was supported by a Training Network funded by the European Training Network EU-RTN-LOTUS-HPRN-CT-2000-00086. KJW was supported by core funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council (BBSRC), UK.Peer Reviewe