Pneumonia in the elderly - diagnosis and treatment in general practice

Pneumonia is common in the elderly and clinical manifestations are frequently atypical. Pneumonia should be considered in any older person presenting with falls, confusion, incontinence, worsening comorbidities or a deterioration in functional status. The respiratory rate is the most reliable sign to alert the health carer to the presence of pneumonia. Therapy should follow the recommendations of the South African Pneumonia Guidelines. Prevention strategies include the prevention and management of aspiration, reduction in the use of neuroleptic medication, influenza vaccination, maintenance of oral hygiene, smoking cessation and possibly the use of the newer antiviral preparations

Unbiased Assessment Of First Language Acquisition In English: Distinguishing Development And Dialect From Disorder

No abstract available

The Effect of Transaction Size on Off-the-Run Treasury Prices

A price pressure effect is implied by segmentation in the market for a security. An empirical property of a segmented market is that the price of the security is sensitive to supply and demand conditions for that specific security, absent changes in risk and absent any new information. This paper examines intra-day trading data from the inter-dealer broker market for U.S. Treasury securities and finds that there is a price pressure effect in the off-the-run Treasury market. Thus, securities that would appear to be very close substitutes, i.e., on-the-run and off-the-run Treasury bonds, behave as if there is some degree of market segmentation. There have been several studies of price pressure in the equity market and Treasury bill market but this is the first study of the off-the-run Treasury note and bond market to investigate a price pressure effect using intra-day data. It is also the first study to analyze price pressure through matched pairs of securities that differ only in liquidity and with high frequency data.

Global General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Tori

This paper presents an initial survey of the properties of accretion flows in the Kerr metric from three-dimensional, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion tori. We consider three fiducial models of tori around rotating, both prograde and retrograde, and nonrotating black holes; these three fiducial models are also contrasted with axisymmetric simulations and a pseudo-Newtonian simulation with equivalent initial conditions to delineate the limitations of these approximations.Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 30 pages, 21 figures. Animations and high-resolution version of figures available at http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~jd5

Rigidly Rotating Strings in Stationary Spacetimes

In this paper we study the motion of a rigidly rotating Nambu-Goto test string in a stationary axisymmetric background spacetime. As special examples we consider the rigid rotation of strings in flat spacetime, where explicit analytic solutions can be obtained, and in the Kerr spacetime where we find an interesting new family of test string solutions. We present a detailed classification of these solutions in the Kerr background.Comment: 19 pages, Latex, 9 figures, revised for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Review of once-monthly oral ibandronate and the use thereof

An advisory board meeting of key opinion leaders was held in 2015 to discuss the clinical data on oral ibandronate in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Boniva 150 mg (ibandronate) oral once-monthly is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, in order to reduce the risk of vertebral fractures.

Oscillatory fracture path in thin elastic sheet

We report a novel mode of oscillatory crack propagation when a cutting tip is driven through a thin brittle polymer film. The phenomenon is so robust that it can easily be reproduced at hand (using CD packaging material for example). Careful experiments show that the amplitude and wavelength of the oscillatory crack path scale lineraly with the width of the cutting tip over a wide range of lenghtscales but are independant of the width of thje sheet and the cutting speed. A simple geometric model is presented, which provides a simple but thorough interpretation of the oscillations.Comment: 6 pages, submitted to Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences. Movies available at http://www.lmm.jussieu.fr/platefractur

Kurrikulumontwikkeling vir volhoubare sportbestuuropleiding in Suid-Afrika

Thesis (PhD (Education )--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.355 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- xxiii and numbered pages 1-330. Includes bibliography and list of tables. Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sporting environment in South Africa started changing drastically when professional sport increasingly became a reality after years of sporting isolation. As a result of these changes new career opportunities opened up because professionals were required to manage professional sport. These new professional sporting organisations are modelled on economically active businesses that require managers at all levels. Training institutions soon started offering programmes to train these so-called sports managers. Although there are specialists working in the sporting environment, the generic term "sports manager" is used to identify these individuals. The appropriate and sustainable training of sports managers forms the nucleus of the research in this study. Training programmes for sports managers are mostly offered at departments of human movement studies or sports science. This tended to create the impression that these training programmes are merely adapted human movement studies programmes that do not necessarily make provision for the professional sports management industry. The main purpose of this study was to design a curriculum framework for sport management training that is not only practice-oriented, but that also ensures sustainable programmes. To realise this, both an international and a national historical perspective on sport management training were researched. A description of a theoretical curriculum model with specific reference to current trends in education in South Africa was given. Furthermore it endeavoured to establish, from within the sporting industry, the knowledge and skills that are required for a career in sports management. From this information an attempt was made to suggest a curriculum framework so that appropriate and sustainable sports management training programmes can be offered. From a historical survey it became evident that sports management training programmes are in a relatively early development phase. An analysis of international programmes revealed that these programmes focus mainly on the economic and management activities in sports management organisations. Few instances were found where human movement studies constituted a prominent part of the contents of the programmes. However, the opposite was found to be true when South African programmes were reviewed. The majority of these programmes include components of human movement studies/sport science in their contents. Some of the programmes focus specifically on human movement studies/sport science and merely offer introductory modules on aspects of sports management. This study indicates the necessity for sports management training programmes in higher education to fit into specific structures in the South African education framework. New developments centred around the South African Qualifications Authority, the Higher Education Board and more specifically the National Qualifications Framework have been researched and applied to sports management training programmes. To place this study within the perspective of curriculum development, various models and methods of curriculum evaluation were explored. As a result of this a synoptic list was compiled to which sports management programmes may be required to comply. As part of the study a questionnaire review was conducted to indicate sports managers' knowledge and skills requirements in three levels of management. Guidelines were derived from this for generic contents of sports management programmes. It was also indicated that specialist functions exist within the sports management industry and that this phenomenon cannot merely be ignored by academic institutions when curricula are designed. These findings were used to suggest a possible framework for sports management curricula. In the light of a changing environment in South Africa and the development of the professional sports management industry, it is necessary that this framework should continuously be supplemented in a dynamic sporting environment.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sportbedryf het in Suid-Afrika drasties begin verander toe beroepsport na jare van sportisolasie toenemend 'n werklikheid geword het. Uit hierdie veranderinge het daar nuwe beroepsmoontlikhede ontstaan deurdat professionele persone nodig was om professionele sport te bestuur. Hierdie nuwe professionele sportorganisasies is op die lees van ekonomies-aktiewe besighede geskoei wat beteken dat bestuurders op aile vlakke benodig is. Opleidingsinstellings het spoedig begin om programme aan te bied vir die opleiding van hierdie sogenaamde sportbestuurders. Alhoewel daar 'n verskeidenheid spesialiste in die sportomgewing werk, word die generiese term "sportbestuurder" gebruik om hierdie persone te identifiseer. Die toepaslike en volhoubare opleiding van sportbestuurders vorm die kern van ondersoek in hierdie studie. Opleidingsprogramme vir sportbestuuropleiding word meestal in departemente van menslike bewegingskunde of sportwetenskap aangebied, wat die vermoede laat ontstaan het dat hierdie programme slegs aangepaste menslike bewegingskundeprogramme is en nie noodwendig vir die volle spektrum van behoeftes van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf voorsiening maak nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die daarstelling van 'n kurrikulumraamwerk vir sportbestuuropleiding wat nie net praktykgerig is nie, maar ook die volhoubaarheid van hierdie programme verseker. Om dit te verwesenlik, is daar gepoog om 'n internasionale en nasionale historiese perspektief oor sportbestuuropleiding daar te stel. 'n Teoretiese kurrikulummodel is beskryf met spesifieke verwysing na huidige onderwystendense in Suid-Afrika. Vervolgens is gepoog om vanuit die sportbedryf te bepaal wat die kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes is wat die sportbestuurberoep aan individue stel. Uit hierdie gegewens is gepoog om 'n kurrikulumraamwerk te ontwerp ten einde 'n bydrae te maak tot die volhoubare en toepaslike voorsiening van sportbestuuropleiding. Uit 'n historiese oorsig het dit geblyk dat sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in 'n relatief vroeë ontwikkelingsfase verkeer. Wat uit die ontleding van internasionale programme duidelik geblyk het, is dat hierdie programme veral op die ekonomiese en bestuursaktiwiteite van sportbestuurorganisasies gefokus is. Min gevalle is aangetref waar menslike bewegingskunde 'n prominente deel van die programinhoud uitmaak. Daar is egter bevind dat die teendeel grootliks waar is van programme in Suid-Afrika. Die meerderheid van die programme het wel komponente van menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap as deel van die inhoud. Sommige programme fokus spesifiek op menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap en bied sportbestuuraspekte slegs as inleidende modules aan. Die studie toon aan dat dit noodsaaklik is om sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in hoër onderwys binne spesifieke strukture in die Suid-Afrikaanse opvoedingsraamwerk in te pas. Ontwikkelinge rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse Kwalifikasie-owerheid, die Hoër Onderwysraad en meer spesifiek die Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk is ondersoek in die lig van moontlike toepassings op sportbestuurprogramme. Om die studie binne die perspektief van kurrikulumontwikkeling te plaas, is ondersoek ingestel na verskillende modelle en metodes van kurrikulumevaluering. Hieruit is 'n oorsiglys waaraan sportbestuurprogramme moontlik beoordeel kan word, saamgestel. 'n Vraelysondersoek is benut ten einde kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes van sportbestuurders op drie bestuursvlakke aan te toon. Riglyne ten opsigte van generiese inhoude vir sportbestuurprogramme is hieruit verkry. Daar is ook aangetoon dat spesialisfunksies binne die sportbestuurbedryf bestaan en dat hierdie verskynsel tydens kurrikulumontwerp nie sonder meer deur akademiese instellings geignoreer kan word nie. Hierdie bevindinge is gebruik om 'n moontlike raamwerk vir sportbestuurkurrikula voor te stel. In die lig van 'n veranderende samelewing in Suid-Afrika en die ontwikkeling van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf is dit noodsaaklik dat hierdie raamwerk in 'n dinamiese sportomgewing voortdurend aangevul word

Kurrikulumontwikkeling vir volhoubare sportbestuuropleiding in Suid-Afrika

Thesis (PhD (Education )--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.355 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- xxiii and numbered pages 1-330. Includes bibliography and list of tables. Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sporting environment in South Africa started changing drastically when professional sport increasingly became a reality after years of sporting isolation. As a result of these changes new career opportunities opened up because professionals were required to manage professional sport. These new professional sporting organisations are modelled on economically active businesses that require managers at all levels. Training institutions soon started offering programmes to train these so-called sports managers. Although there are specialists working in the sporting environment, the generic term "sports manager" is used to identify these individuals. The appropriate and sustainable training of sports managers forms the nucleus of the research in this study. Training programmes for sports managers are mostly offered at departments of human movement studies or sports science. This tended to create the impression that these training programmes are merely adapted human movement studies programmes that do not necessarily make provision for the professional sports management industry. The main purpose of this study was to design a curriculum framework for sport management training that is not only practice-oriented, but that also ensures sustainable programmes. To realise this, both an international and a national historical perspective on sport management training were researched. A description of a theoretical curriculum model with specific reference to current trends in education in South Africa was given. Furthermore it endeavoured to establish, from within the sporting industry, the knowledge and skills that are required for a career in sports management. From this information an attempt was made to suggest a curriculum framework so that appropriate and sustainable sports management training programmes can be offered. From a historical survey it became evident that sports management training programmes are in a relatively early development phase. An analysis of international programmes revealed that these programmes focus mainly on the economic and management activities in sports management organisations. Few instances were found where human movement studies constituted a prominent part of the contents of the programmes. However, the opposite was found to be true when South African programmes were reviewed. The majority of these programmes include components of human movement studies/sport science in their contents. Some of the programmes focus specifically on human movement studies/sport science and merely offer introductory modules on aspects of sports management. This study indicates the necessity for sports management training programmes in higher education to fit into specific structures in the South African education framework. New developments centred around the South African Qualifications Authority, the Higher Education Board and more specifically the National Qualifications Framework have been researched and applied to sports management training programmes. To place this study within the perspective of curriculum development, various models and methods of curriculum evaluation were explored. As a result of this a synoptic list was compiled to which sports management programmes may be required to comply. As part of the study a questionnaire review was conducted to indicate sports managers' knowledge and skills requirements in three levels of management. Guidelines were derived from this for generic contents of sports management programmes. It was also indicated that specialist functions exist within the sports management industry and that this phenomenon cannot merely be ignored by academic institutions when curricula are designed. These findings were used to suggest a possible framework for sports management curricula. In the light of a changing environment in South Africa and the development of the professional sports management industry, it is necessary that this framework should continuously be supplemented in a dynamic sporting environment.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sportbedryf het in Suid-Afrika drasties begin verander toe beroepsport na jare van sportisolasie toenemend 'n werklikheid geword het. Uit hierdie veranderinge het daar nuwe beroepsmoontlikhede ontstaan deurdat professionele persone nodig was om professionele sport te bestuur. Hierdie nuwe professionele sportorganisasies is op die lees van ekonomies-aktiewe besighede geskoei wat beteken dat bestuurders op aile vlakke benodig is. Opleidingsinstellings het spoedig begin om programme aan te bied vir die opleiding van hierdie sogenaamde sportbestuurders. Alhoewel daar 'n verskeidenheid spesialiste in die sportomgewing werk, word die generiese term "sportbestuurder" gebruik om hierdie persone te identifiseer. Die toepaslike en volhoubare opleiding van sportbestuurders vorm die kern van ondersoek in hierdie studie. Opleidingsprogramme vir sportbestuuropleiding word meestal in departemente van menslike bewegingskunde of sportwetenskap aangebied, wat die vermoede laat ontstaan het dat hierdie programme slegs aangepaste menslike bewegingskundeprogramme is en nie noodwendig vir die volle spektrum van behoeftes van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf voorsiening maak nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die daarstelling van 'n kurrikulumraamwerk vir sportbestuuropleiding wat nie net praktykgerig is nie, maar ook die volhoubaarheid van hierdie programme verseker. Om dit te verwesenlik, is daar gepoog om 'n internasionale en nasionale historiese perspektief oor sportbestuuropleiding daar te stel. 'n Teoretiese kurrikulummodel is beskryf met spesifieke verwysing na huidige onderwystendense in Suid-Afrika. Vervolgens is gepoog om vanuit die sportbedryf te bepaal wat die kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes is wat die sportbestuurberoep aan individue stel. Uit hierdie gegewens is gepoog om 'n kurrikulumraamwerk te ontwerp ten einde 'n bydrae te maak tot die volhoubare en toepaslike voorsiening van sportbestuuropleiding. Uit 'n historiese oorsig het dit geblyk dat sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in 'n relatief vroeë ontwikkelingsfase verkeer. Wat uit die ontleding van internasionale programme duidelik geblyk het, is dat hierdie programme veral op die ekonomiese en bestuursaktiwiteite van sportbestuurorganisasies gefokus is. Min gevalle is aangetref waar menslike bewegingskunde 'n prominente deel van die programinhoud uitmaak. Daar is egter bevind dat die teendeel grootliks waar is van programme in Suid-Afrika. Die meerderheid van die programme het wel komponente van menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap as deel van die inhoud. Sommige programme fokus spesifiek op menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap en bied sportbestuuraspekte slegs as inleidende modules aan. Die studie toon aan dat dit noodsaaklik is om sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in hoër onderwys binne spesifieke strukture in die Suid-Afrikaanse opvoedingsraamwerk in te pas. Ontwikkelinge rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse Kwalifikasie-owerheid, die Hoër Onderwysraad en meer spesifiek die Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk is ondersoek in die lig van moontlike toepassings op sportbestuurprogramme. Om die studie binne die perspektief van kurrikulumontwikkeling te plaas, is ondersoek ingestel na verskillende modelle en metodes van kurrikulumevaluering. Hieruit is 'n oorsiglys waaraan sportbestuurprogramme moontlik beoordeel kan word, saamgestel. 'n Vraelysondersoek is benut ten einde kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes van sportbestuurders op drie bestuursvlakke aan te toon. Riglyne ten opsigte van generiese inhoude vir sportbestuurprogramme is hieruit verkry. Daar is ook aangetoon dat spesialisfunksies binne die sportbestuurbedryf bestaan en dat hierdie verskynsel tydens kurrikulumontwerp nie sonder meer deur akademiese instellings geignoreer kan word nie. Hierdie bevindinge is gebruik om 'n moontlike raamwerk vir sportbestuurkurrikula voor te stel. In die lig van 'n veranderende samelewing in Suid-Afrika en die ontwikkeling van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf is dit noodsaaklik dat hierdie raamwerk in 'n dinamiese sportomgewing voortdurend aangevul word

Highly syntenic and yet divergent: a tale of two Theilerias

The published genomic sequences of the two major host-transforming Theileria species of cattle represent a rich resource of information that has allowed novel bioinformatic and experimental studies into these important apicomplexan parasites. Since their publication in 2005, the genomes of T. annulata and T. parva have been utilised for a diverse range of applications, ranging from candidate antigen discovery to the identification of genetic markers for population analysis. This has led to advancements in the quest for a sub-unit vaccine, while providing a greater understanding of variation among parasite populations in the field. The unique ability of these Theileria species to induce host cell transformation is the subject of considerable scientific interest and the availability of full genomic sequences has provided new insights into this area of research. This article reviews the data underlying published comparative analyses, focussing on the general features of gene expression, the major Tpr/Tar multi-copy gene family and a re-examination of the predicted macroschizont secretome. Codon usage between the Theileria species is reviewed in detail, as this underpins ongoing comparative studies investigating selection at the intra- and inter-species level. The TashAT/TpshAT family of genes, conserved between T. annulata and T. parva, encodes products targeted to the host nucleus and has been implicated in contributing to the transformed bovine phenotype. Species-specific expansion and diversification at this critical locus is discussed with reference to the availability, in the near future, of genomic datasets which are based on non-transforming Theileria species