Compatibilisation of heterogeneous polymer blends by reactive processing

Functionalisation of polystyrene, PS, and ethylene-co-propylene-co-cyclopentadiene terpolymer, EPDM, with acrylic acid, AA, in a melt reactive processing procedure, in the presence of peroxide, trigonox 101, and coagents, Divinyl benzene, DVB (for PS), and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, TRIS (for EPDM), were successfully carried out. The level of grafting of the AA, as determined by infrared analysis, was significantly enhanced by the coagents. The grafting reaction of AA takes place simultaneously with homopolymerisation of the monomers, melt degradation and crosslinking reactions of the polymers. The extent of these competing reactions were inferred from measurements of melt flow index and insoluble gel content. Through a judicious use of both the peroxide and the coagent, particularly TRIS, unwanted side reactions were minimized. Five different processing methods were investigated for both functionalisation experiments; the direct addition of the pre-mixed polymer with peroxide and reactive modifiers was found to give optimum condition for grafting. The functionalised PS, F-PS, and EPDM, F-EPD, and maleinised polypropylene carrying a potential antioxidant, N-(4-anilinophenyl maleimide), F-PP were melt blended in binary mixtures of F-PS/F-EPD and F-PP/F-EPD in the presence (or absence) of organic diamines which act as an interlinking agent, e.g, Ethylene Diamine, EDA, and Hexamethylene Diamine, HEMDA. The presence of an interlinking agent, particularly HEMDA shows significant enhancement in the mechanical properties of the blend, suggesting that the copolymer formed has acted as compatibiliser to the otherwise incompatible polymer pairs. The functionalised and amidised blends, F and A-PSIEPDM (SPOI) and F and A-PPIEPDM (SPD2) were subsequently used as compatibiliser concentrates in the corresponding PSIEPDM and PPIEPDM blends containing various weight propotion of the homopolymers. The SPD1 caused general decreased in tensile strength, albeit increased in drop impact strength particularly in blend containing high PS content (80%). The SPD2 was particularly effective in enhancing impact strength in blends containing low weight ratio of PP (<70%). The SPD2 was also a good thermal antioxidant albeit less effective than commercial antioxidant. In all blends the evidence of compatibility was examined by scanning electron microscopy

Determination of the Protonation Constants of Some 4-(Substituted benzylamino)-4,5-dihydro- 1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones by the Potentiometric Method in Ethanol–Water Mixtures

To gain more information about the effect of solvent on 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones, the stoichiometric protonation constants of thirteen triazoles in ethanol–water mixtures were determined at an ionic strength of 0.10MNaCl and at 25.0±0.1 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. A potentiometric method was used and the  calculation was carried out using the PKAS computer program. The correspondingpKa values of these triazoles were determined in ethanol–water mixtures. Thus, the effects of solvent and molecular structure upon acidity were investigated. The logarithm of the protonation constants of the title 4,5-dihydro- 1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones decreased linearly with increasing ethanol content, but the values determined with 80% ethanol did not follow this linear trend. The variation of these constants is discussed on the basis of specific solute–solvent  interactions.KEYWORDS: Potentiometry, protonation constants, solvent effect, triazoles

Automatic 2d image segmentation using tissue-like p system

This paper uses P-Lingua, a standard programming language that is designed specifically for P systems, to automatically simulate the region-based segmentation of 2D images. P-Lingua, which is based on membrane computing, links to Java Netbeans using the PLinguaCore4 Java library to automatically codify the pixels of the input image as long as automatically draw the output segmented image. Many methods have been suggested previously and used for artificial image segmentation, but to the best of our knowledge, none of those techniques were automatic, where the image was codified manually and the visualization of the output image was done manually in the tissue simulator which takes time and effort, especially when dealing with large images in the system. Two types of pixel adjacency have been utilized in this paper, namely; 4-adjacency and 8-adjacency. The jacquard index method has been used to measure the accuracy of the segmentation. The results of the proposed method demonstrated that beside its ability to automatically segmenting 2D images with arbitrary sizes, it is more efficient and faster than the tissue simulator tool, since the latter needs the input image to be codified manually pixel by pixel which makes it impractical for real-world applications

Entanglement fidelity for electron-electron interaction in strongly coupled semiclassical plasma and under external fields

This paper presents the effects of AB-flux field and electric field on electron-electron interaction, encircled by a strongly coupled semiclassical plasma. We found that weak external fields are required to perpetuate a low-energy elastic electron-electron interaction in a strongly coupled semiclassical plasma. The entanglement fidelity in the interaction process has been examined. We have used partial wave analysis to derive the entanglement fidelity. We found that for a weak electric field, the fidelity ratio for electron-electron interaction increase as projectile energy increase but remains constant or almost zero for a strong electric field. Our results provide an invaluable information on how the efficiency of entanglement fidelity for a low-energy elastic electron-electron interaction in a strongly coupled semiclassical plasma can be influenced by the presence of external fields

LAPORAN INDIVIDU PRAKTIK PENGALAMAN LAPANGAN (PPL) UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA DI SMA NEGERI 1 PIYUNGAN

Mata kuliah Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) adalah sarana untuk membekali mahasiswa bidang kependidikan dengan keterampilan berupa kemampuan memberikan pembelajaran di kelas, manajerial sekolah atau lembaga dan mengatasi permasalahan yang muncul dalam kegiatan pengajaran di lapangan terkait dengan keadaaan siswa di luar pembelajaran.Tujuan lain dari kegiatan ini adalah memberikan pengalaman lapangan secara nyata kepada mahasiswa tentang keadaan dan kondisi yang sebenarnya suatu lingkungan sekolah sehingga mahasiswa mampu dan siap untuk terjun kedalam dunia kependidikan sebagai seorang pendidik. Mahasiswa juga diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangsih pemikiran untuk memajukan kualitas lembaga atau siswa berdasarkan pengalaman yang didapat, baik selama kegiatan PPL berlangsung maupun kelak di dunia kependidikan nantinya. Berdasarkan tujuan kegiatan PPL, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu untuk mengambil tindakan dan keputusan yang tepat untuk mengatasi segala kondisi yang terjadi dilapangan.Mahasiwa harus mampu menyiapkan bahan ajar dan materi pembelajaran berdasarkan kurikulum sillabus yang berlaku, menilai kemampuan belajar siswa, beradaptasi dengan karakter siswa dikelas dan menciptakan keadaan yang kondusif untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar serta bersosialisasi dengan seluruh warga sekolah.Kesemuaan hal tersebut haruslah dicapai dan dikuasai oleh mahasiswa sebagai suatu bahan pertimbangan dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk bertindak di dunia sekolah. Diakhir kegiatan PPL, mahasiswa akan mampu untuk terjun secara langsung dan siap untuk menjadi seorang pendidik yang berkualitas serta berakhlak baik sehingga mampu mewujudkan tujuan bangsa untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa demi menyongsong masa depan yang lebih baik