Langue et lieu dans l’univers de l’enfance

Les voix de l’enfance, rappelées par les auteurs en exil ou de la diaspora, témoignent des liens forts et permanents qui unissent la langue, le lieu, les souvenirs et l’identité. La recherche en socialisation langagière nous offre une perspective complémentaire pour comprendre comment les enfants sont socialisés et intégrés dans des univers sociaux existants et comment ils en construisent de nouveaux à leur image. Des données ethnographiques et sociolinguistiques recueillies en Dominique (dans les Antilles orientales) et en territoire Kaluli (en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée) illustrent l’importance du lieu et le rôle que jouent la ou les langues dans la négociation des relations sociales et les souvenirs qui s’y rattachent. La langue fournit aussi à l’enfant les ressources symboliques qui lui sont nécessaires pour déterminer quelle langue utiliser où, dans quelle circonstance et avec qui et pour construire ses narrations et son jeu. Puisque les activités langagières sont toujours localisées dans des lieux particuliers et portent souvent sur des lieux particuliers, les enfants qui commencent juste à parler sont déjà sensibles et initiés aux significations du lieu et aux façons de parler du lieu qui sont propres à leur culture.Voices remembered from childhood, and retrieved by diasporic and exiled writers attest to the profound connections between language, place, memory and identity. Research on children’s language socialization provides a complementary perspective for understanding the ways in which young children are socialized into existing social worlds, as well as seeing how they create their own. Ethnographic and sociolinguistic data from two societies, Dominica (West Indies) and Kaluli (Papua New Guinea) illustrates the importance of place and the role of language(s) in mediating social relationships and remembering them, as well as providing symbolic resources for narrative, language choice and play. As speech activities are always located in particular places, and are often about particular places, even in their earliest use of language, children are sensitive to and learn culturally specific meanings of and ways of talking about place.Las voces de la infancia, rememorada por los autores en exilio o de la diáspora, demuestran los lazos fuertes y permanentes que unen la lengua, el lugar, los recuerdos y la identidad. La investigación en socialización lingüística nos ofrece una perspectiva complementaria para comprender cómo los niños son socializados e integrados en universos sociales existentes y cómo construyen otros conforme a su imagen. Los datos etnográficos y sociolingüísticos recogidos en Dominica en las Antillas orientales y en territorio Kaluli en Papuasia, Nueva Guinea ilustran la importancia del lugar y del rol que juegan las lenguas en la negociación de las relaciones sociales y de los recuerdos que generan. La lengua ofrece a los niños los recursos simbólicos necesarios para determinar qué lengua utilizar donde, en qué circunstancia et con quien, y en la construcción de sus relatos y de sus juego. Puesto que las actividades lingüísticas están siempre localizadas en lugares particulares y tratan de situaciones particulares, incluso los niños que comienzan a hablar comprenden los significados del lugar y las maneras de hablar de los lugares apropiados para su cultura

Bilingual episodic memory: an introduction

Our current models of bilingual memory are essentially accounts of semantic memory whose goal is to explain bilingual lexical access to underlying imagistic and conceptual referents. While this research has included episodic memory, it has focused largely on recall for words, phrases, and sentences in the service of understanding the structure of semantic memory. Building on the four papers in this special issue, this article focuses on larger units of episodic memory(from quotidian events with simple narrative form to complex autobiographical memories) in service of developing a model of bilingual episodic memory. This requires integrating theory and research on how culture-specific narrative traditions inform encoding and retrieval with theory and research on the relation between(monolingual) semantic and episodic memory(Schank, 1982; Schank & Abelson, 1995; Tulving, 2002). Then, taking a cue from memory-based text processing studies in psycholinguistics(McKoon & Ratcliff, 1998), we suggest that as language forms surface in the progressive retrieval of features of an event, they trigger further forms within the same language serving to guide a within-language/ within-culture retrieval

A Letter from Samuel B. Schieffelin to A. C. Van Raalte

A letter from Samuel B. Schieffelin to A.C.V.R. regarding property matters. Schieffelin seems to have a high regard for Van Raalte. The author also makes some medicinal recommendations for A.C.V.R.\u27s health problems.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/vrp_1850s/1367/thumbnail.jp

Language clustering and knowledge sharing in multilingual organizations: A social perspective on language

Knowledge sharing is a product of the collaborative and supportive environment shaped by socialization and informal communication between employees. Under the pressure of globalization and business internationalization, workforces have become increasingly diverse, particularly in terms of language. This has implications for knowledge sharing. It has been observed that employees tend to gravitate towards their own language communities, leading to language clustering (language-based grouping), which affects informal communication and knowledge mobility in organizations negatively. Although the existence of such clusters has been reported in many previous studies, we do not clearly understand how and why language brings these clusters into being and what kind of implications this has for knowledge sharing. This paper draws upon the theory of the semiotic processes of linguistic differentiation taken from linguistic anthropology to provide a theoretical framework capable of explaining the dynamics of language creating language clusters. Unlike previous knowledge management studies, which largely focus on the instrumental aspect of language, this paper adopts a social perspective on language. It is argued that, to deal with language clustering, we have to explore the dynamics operating behind it in detail. This will not only allow us to understand its implications for knowledge sharing but will also be helpful in devising potent knowledge management initiatives in multilingual workplaces.<br/

Submerged in the mainstream? A case study of an immigrant learner in a New Zealand primary classroom

Immigrant children from diverse language backgrounds face not only linguistic challenges when enrolled in mainstream English-medium classrooms, but also difficulties adjusting to an unfamiliar learning community. The culture of primary school classrooms in New Zealand typically reflects conventions across three dimensions: interactional, instructional task performance and cognitive-academic development. All three dimensions are underpinned by the culturally specific discourse conventions involved in language socialisation. New learners may be helped by classmates or their teacher to understand and successfully use these conventions, but left on their own they may sink rather than swim. This is a case study of one Taiwanese 11-year old boy, 'John', who entered a New Zealand primary classroom midway through the school year. John's basic conversational ability was sound, but he did not possess the interactive classroom skills needed to operate in the new culture of learning. Selected from a wider study of the classroom, transcript data from audio-recorded excerpts of John's interactions over several months with his teacher and classmates are interpreted from perspectives derived from sociocultural and language socialisation theories. The article concludes with a brief consideration of the extent to which John constructed, or was constrained from constructing meaningful learning experiences, and suggestions for further research and reflection

This Document is an Assignment of a Mortgage Concerning Property Matters Between Albertus and Christina Van Raalte and Samuel B. Schieffelin of New York.

This document is an assignment of a mortgage concerning property matters between Albertus and Christina Van Raalte and Samuel B. Schieffelin of New York.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/vrp_1860s/1258/thumbnail.jp

This Document is the Satisfaction of a Mortgage Made Between Samuel B. Schieffelin of New York and Albertus and Christina Van Raalte in the Amount of $873.85

This document is the satisfaction of a mortgage made between Samuel B. Schieffelin of New York and Albertus and Christina Van Raalte in the amount of $873.85.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/vrp_1860s/1259/thumbnail.jp

Lassa Fever in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone

Background: Lassa fever (LF), an often-fatal hemorrhagic disease caused by Lassa virus (LASV), is a major public health threat in West Africa. When the violent civil conflict in Sierra Leone (1991 to 2002) ended, an international consortium assisted in restoration of the LF program at Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) in an area with the world's highest incidence of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Clinical and laboratory records of patients presenting to the KGH Lassa Ward in the post-conflict period were organized electronically. Recombinant antigen-based LF immunoassays were used to assess LASV antigenemia and LASV-specific antibodies in patients who met criteria for suspected LF. KGH has been reestablished as a center for LF treatment and research, with over 500 suspected cases now presenting yearly. Higher case fatality rates (CFRs) in LF patients were observed compared to studies conducted prior to the civil conflict. Different criteria for defining LF stages and differences in sensitivity of assays likely account for these differences. The highest incidence of LF in Sierra Leone was observed during the dry season. LF cases were observed in ten of Sierra Leone's thirteen districts, with numerous cases from outside the traditional endemic zone. Deaths in patients presenting with LASV antigenemia were skewed towards individuals less than 29 years of age. Women self-reporting as pregnant were significantly overrepresented among LASV antigenemic patients. The CFR of ribavirin-treated patients presenting early in acute infection was lower than in untreated subjects. Conclusions/Significance: Lassa fever remains a major public health threat in Sierra Leone. Outreach activities should expand because LF may be more widespread in Sierra Leone than previously recognized. Enhanced case finding to ensure rapid diagnosis and treatment is imperative to reduce mortality. Even with ribavirin treatment, there was a high rate of fatalities underscoring the need to develop more effective and/or supplemental treatments for LF