Brown howler monkey: alouatta guariba Humboldt, 1812

Alouatta guariba is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil and northeast Argentina. In the south, its distribution is limited by the Camaquã river basin (Printes et al. 2001) and to the north by the Paraguaçu river in the state of Bahia (Gregorin 2006; Neves et al. 2018). The western boundary is marked by the limits of the Atlantic Forest. It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Mendes et al. 2008, Bicca-Marques et al. 2018). In Argentina the species is limited to the province of Misiones (Agostini et al. 2017).Fil: Buss, Gerson. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação dos Primatas; BrasilFil: Oklander, Luciana Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Bicca Marques, Júlio César. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Parana. Escola de Ciencias Da Vida.; BrasilFil: Hirano, Zelinda B.. Universidade Regional de Blumenau; BrasilFil: Chaves, Oscar M.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Parana. Escola de Ciencias Da Vida.; BrasilFil: Mendes, Sergio L.. Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica; BrasilFil: Neves, Leonardo G.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; BrasilFil: Melo, Fabiano R.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.; BrasilFil: Rylands, Anthony B.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Jerusalinsky, Leandro. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação dos Primatas Brasileiros; Brasi

Sex peptide receptor-regulated polyandry mediates the balance of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila

Polyandry prolongs sexual selection on males by forcing ejaculates to compete for fertilisation. Recent theory predicts that increasing polyandry may weaken pre-copulatory sexual selection on males and increase the relative importance of post-copulatory sexual selection, but experimental tests of this prediction are lacking. Here, we manipulate the polyandry levels in groups of Drosophila melanogaster by deletion of the female sex peptide receptor. We show that groups in which the sex-peptide-receptor is absent in females (SPR-) have higher polyandry, and – as a result – weaker pre-copulatory sexual selection on male mating success, compared to controls. Post-copulatory selection on male paternity share is relatively more important in SPR- groups, where males gain additional paternity by mating repeatedly with the same females. These results provide experimental evidence that elevated polyandry weakens pre-copulatory sexual selection on males, shifts selection to post-copulatory events, and that the sex peptide pathway can play a key role in modulating this process in Drosophil

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Sex differences in the behavior of wild Alouatta caraya infants

Several primates show sex-based differences in activity patterns and socialinteractions during infancy. These have been associated with social and reproductive functions of males and females during adulthood and are related to male-male competition. Our goal was to describe behavioral patterns of wild Alouatta caraya male and female infants, a species with sexual dimorphism in body size and behavioral strategies during adulthood. We also examined the relationship between life-history variables, infant sex and age, activity pattern, and social interactions in order to determine if males and females follow different trajectories during early growth. During a 27-month study, we observed 21 male infants and 14 female infants across two similar sites in northern Argentina. Data were analyzed using GLMM tests. We found no differences in suckling time and weaning age between males and females (9.7 mo vs. 9.4 mo) but male infants spent more time feeding and resting than female infants.Also, males invest more time in contact with their mothers than female infants do, and mothers rejected and broke contact with males more frequently than with females. Other behavioral categories did not differ between the sexes. Our results suggest higher nutritional demands of males compared with females that may affect some behaviors. However, mothers of sons did not experience immediate trade-offs between current and future reproduction. Other behaviors expressed similarly between the sexes suggest similar trajectory in development of male and female A. caraya infants, indicating that most differences emerge following the infant period.Fil: Pavé, Romina Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Kowalewski, Miguel Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; ArgentinaFil: Zunino, Gabriel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto del Conurbano; ArgentinaFil: Leigh, Steven R.. State University of Colorado Boulder; Estados Unido