Screening phytochimique de quelques plantes médicinales ivoiriennes utilisées en pays Krobou (Agboville, Côte-d’Ivoire)

Une étude ethnomédicinale réalisée chez les Krobou, une ethnie du Département d’Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), a montré que 27 tradithérapeutes utilisent 18 espèces de la flore ivoirienne, pour combattre différentes pathologies. Diverses parties de la plante (écorces de racine et de tige, feuilles, fruits, graines et tubercules) sont utilisées pour la préparation des recettes médicamenteuses. Ces recettes, monospécifiques en général, nécessitent divers modes de préparation (décoction, expression, infusion, macération, pétrissage, pilage, pulvérisation, ramollissement, torréfaction et trituration). On note divers modes d’administration des médicaments : ablution, application locale, badigeonnage, bain de vapeur, boisson, instillations buccales, nasales, vaginales et purges. Les tests tri phytochimiques réalisés sur 3 extraits (éthérique, méthanolique et aqueux) ont révélé que les différentes drogues renferment des stérols, polyterpènes, polyphénols, flavonoïdes, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et des saponosides, qui leur confèrent les propriétés thérapeutiques diverses.An ethnomedicinal study carried out at Krobou, an ethnic group in the Department of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire) showed that 27 traditional doctors use 18 ivorian plants species to cure people to different pathologies. Various parts of the plant (barks of root and stem, sheets, fruits, seeds and tubers) are used to prepare the medicamentous receipts. These receipts which are generally monospecific, require different preparation modes (decoction, expression, infusion, soaking, kneading, pounding, crushing, softening, rousting and trituration). We note several administration modes of those medicines : washing, application on the skin, painting, steam bath, drinking, oral, nasal, vaginal instillations and purges. The tri phytochemical tests of three extracts (etheric, methanolic and aqueous) revealed that the different drugs contain sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponosideswhich give these medicines several healing properties.Keywords: Agboville, chemical Components, Côte-d’Ivoire, Ethnomedicine, Krobou, Phytochemistr

In vitro assays for bioactivity-guided isolation of antisalmonella and antioxidant compounds in Thonningia sanguinea flowers

Bioguided fractionation of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea flowers, used traditionally in the treatment of microbial diseases, led to the isolation of two phenolic compounds. The structure of these compounds was elucidated by 1H, 13C 1D NMR and mass spectrometry experiments. The antibacterial activity against Salmonella strains and antioxidant activity of the crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds was evaluated using the DPPH method. The isolated compounds identified asbrevifolin carboxylic acid and gallic acid demonstrates moderate antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella abony. The results indicated that thetwo isolated compounds, gallic acid (IC50 = 13.5 ìM) and brevifolin carboxylic acid (IC50 = 18.0 ìM) were mainly responsible for the good scavenging activity of the aqueous extract

Performance des perimetres hydroagricoles : cas du perimetre rizicole irrigue de nanan (Yamoussoukro, Cote d’Ivoire)

En vue de déceler les problèmes qui entravent la productivité d’un aménagement irrigué, une évaluation de la performance du périmètre rizicole de Nanan, en Côte d’Ivoire a été effectuée. La méthodologie adoptée a été de déterminer ces indicateurs de performance des systèmes irrigués, que sont l’efficience d’irrigation et la productivité de l’eau. Le travail a essentiellement consisté en des mesures hydrauliques dans les canaux du périmètre. L’ETM a été déterminée à l’aide des logiciels Climwat 2.0 et Cropwat 8.0 de la FAO. L’efficience globale de l’irrigation du périmètre de l’ordre de 35 % est faible. L’efficience de transport de 81,5 % dissimule d’importantes faiblesses, principalement le manque d’entretien du canal principal. Quant à l’efficience d’application à la parcelle, elle est de 42,3 % et induit des pertes en eau de 57,7 %. Cela est majoritairement dû au faible niveau de formation du riziculteur concernant les techniques d’irrigation et à la mauvaise planification de l’irrigation sur le site. On observe une productivité de l’eau de 0,42 kg/m3 de paddy, en dessous des valeurs conseillées (0,6 kg/m3) et qui est essentiellement due à une gestion inappropriée de l’irrigation sur le périmètre. Les résultats obtenus révèlent donc une faible performance du périmètre rizicole irrigué de Nanan. Des mesures immédiates et durables doivent être prises par les décideurs, telles qu’une réhabilitation complète du réseau d’irrigation et un renforcement des capacités des riziculteurs quant à la pratique de l’irrigation du riz. Mots clés: périmètre rizicole, irrigation, efficience d’irrigation, productivité de l’eau English Title: Performance of the irrigated systems: case of the nanan irrigated paddy fields (Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire) English Abstract To identify problems that hinder the productivity of an irrigated system, an evaluation of the performance of the Nanan irrigated paddy fields in Cote d’Ivoire was carried out. The methodology adopted was to determine these performance indicators for irrigated systems, such as irrigation efficiency and water productivity. The field study mainly consisted of hydraulic measurements in the irrigation network. The maximum evapotranspiration (MET) was determined using FAO’s Climwat 2.0 and Cropwat 8.0 softwares. The overall irrigation efficiency in Nanan paddy fields which is 35%, is low. The 81.5% transport efficiency hides significant weaknesses, mainly the lack of maintenance of the main canal. As for the efficiency of water application into the plot, it is 42.3% that indicates a water loss percentage of 57.7%. This is mainly due to the lack of training of the rice farmers in irrigation techniques and poor irrigation planning on the site. Water productivity of 0.42 kg/m3 of paddy rice, which stands below the recommended values (0.6 kg/m3), is mainly due to inadequate irrigation management on the paddy fields. The results obtained therefore reveal a poor performance of the irrigated paddy fields of Nanan. Immediate and sustainable measures must be taken by decision-makers, such as a complete rehabilitation of the irrigation network and capacity building towards the rice farmers dealing with water management on irrigated paddy fields. Keywords: irrigated paddy fields, irrigation, irrigation efficiency, water productivit

Effets de scenarios de changements climatiques sur la cacaoculture en Cote d’Ivoire

L’influence des scenarios de changements climatiques a été analysée pour les régions Centre et Sud de production cacaoyère en Côte d’Ivoire. A partir des modèles RCP 4.5 et 8.5 de concentration des Gaz à Effets de Serre (GES), les paramètres température et pluviométrie ont été projetés sur les horizons 2021-2050 et 2041-2070 en comparaison à la période de référence 1980-2010. Les résultats ont montré qu’en dehors du nombre élevé de jours chauds qui pourrait provoquer la disparition de la cacaoculture dans les zones marginales de la région Centre, les indices climatiques se situent dans des conditions normales de production du cacaoyer dans les deux régions. Les risques liés aux maladies et ravageurs pourraient être similaires ou potentiellement réduits. En région Sud, les variations climatiques n’auraient aucun impact sur la cacaoculture. Comme stratégies de résilience, les programmes de sélection variétale devront mettre à la disposition des producteurs un matériel végétal tolérant à la sécheresse et aux maladies accompagnée de formations sur les bonnes pratiques agricoles dont l’agroforesterie. Toutefois, l’accès des producteurs à l’information météorologique devra être renforcé.  English title: Climate change effects in cocoa cultivation Abstract The influence of climate change scenarios was analyzed for the Center and South regions of cocoa farming in Côte d’Ivoire. From greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration models RCP 4.5 and 8.5, the parameters of temperature and rainfall were projected over the time in years 2021-2050 and 2041- 2070 compared to year 1980-2010 as reference period. The results showed that apart from the high number of hot days which could cause the disappearance of cocoa farming in marginal areas of the Center region, the climatic indices are normal within cocoa production conditions in both regions. Risks on cocoa pests and disease could be similar or potentially reduced. In the South region, climatic variations would have no impact on cocoa farming. As resilience adaptation strategies, tolerant germplasm to drought and pest and disease should be provided to farmers by cocoa research program with training package on good agricultural practices (GAP) including agroforestry. Therefore, theaccess to meteorological information has to be strengthened for smallholders cocoa farmers. Key words: Climate change scenarios, impact, cocoa farming, Côte d’Ivoire

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: Chemical constituents of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon giganteus inhibited lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase of PGHS

The following studies report the inhibitory effect produced by chemical constituents of essential oils of three plants used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, in vitro, on soybean lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase function of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS), the two enzymes involved in the production of mediators of inflammation. The essential oils were extracted from plants of three families: O. gratissimum (Labiatae), C. giganteus (Poaceae), and E. citriodora (Myrtaceae). Their chemical composition was established by GC/MS analyses. Among the three essential oils, one showed evident inhibition of L-1 with IC50 value of 72 µg/mL for Eucalyptus citriodora. Only one essential oil that of O. gratissimum inhibited the two enzymes, cyclooxygenase function of PGHS and lipoxygenase L-1, with an IC50 values, respectively, of 125 µg/mL and 144 µg/mL, whereas that of C. giganteus and E. citriodora, two of them had no effect on cyclooxygenase. KEY WORDS: Essential oils, Soybean lipoxygenase (L-1), Cyclooxygenase function ofprostaglandine H synthase-1, PGHS, O. gratissimum (Labiatae), C. giganteus (Poaceae), E. citriodora (Myrtaceae), Enantia chlorantha, Inhibition  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2003, 17(2), 191-197

Utilisation des lambeaux dans les pertes de substances maxillo-faciales: à propos de 32 cas au Niger

Diverses lésions peuvent rompre l’harmonie anatomique, esthétique et fonctionnelle de la face, parmi lesquelles les pertes de substances (PDS) qui peuvent être d’origine traumatique, infectieuse ou tumorale. L’objectif de ce travail est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des patients ayant bénéficiés de prise en charge par lambeaux dans les pertes de substances (PDS) maxillo-faciales. Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective (du 1er janvier 2016 au 15 juillet 2019) et prospective (du 16 juillet 2019 au 31 octobre 2020), soit une période de 4 ans 10 mois (58mois) réalisée dans les services de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale de l’hôpital national et l’hôpital général de référence de Niamey. Pendant la durée de l’étude, 32 patients de tout âge et des deux sexes ont été enregistré dans le service. La moyenne d’âge était de 34 ans avec des âges inférieur et supérieur de 02 ans et 65 ans. Le sexe féminin était prédominant de 59% des cas. la tranche d’âge de 31-45 ans est la plus touchée avec 31,25% des cas. L’étiologie tumorale était la plus fréquente dans 43,75% suivi des (PDS) post- traumatique dans 34,38% des cas. la région parotidienne représentait la partie la plus atteinte avec 21,88% des cas. Les lambeaux régionaux et ceux à distance étaient les plus utilisés dans 35,29% des cas chacun, et les locaux dans 29,42%. Les nécroses partielles étaient les complications les plus fréquentes soit 15,63% des cas. Les PDS maxillo-faciale sont souvent responsables de certains préjudice fonctionnel et esthétique qui peuvent altérer la personnalité. Ces PDS font appel à des techniques de reconstruction par lambeaux locorégionaux et à distance avec des indications bien précises.   Various lesions can disrupt the anatomical, aesthetic and functional harmony of the face, including loss of substances that can be of traumatic, infectious or tumor origin. The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of patients who have benefited from flap management in maxillofacial loss of substances. This is a retrospective (from January 1, 2016 to July 15, 2019) and prospective (from July 16, 2019 to October 31, 2020), i.e. 4 years 10 months (58 months) carried out in the departments of Stomatology and Maxillofacial surgery at the national hospital and the general reference hospital of Niamey. During the study period, 32 patients of all ages and two sexes were registered in the department. The average age was 34 years with lower and upper ages of 02 years and 65 years. The female sex was predominant in 59% of cases. the 31- 45 age group is the most affected with 31.25% of cases. Tumor etiology was the most frequent in 43.75% followed by post-traumatic (PDS) in 34.38% of cases. the parotid region represented the most affected part with 21.88% of cases. Regional and remote flaps were used the most in 35.29% of cases each, and local ones in 29.42%. Partial necrosis was the most frequent complication, i.e. 15.63% of cases. Maxillofacial loss of substance is often responsible for certain functional and aesthetic damage that can alter the personality. These losses of substance use locoregional and remote flap reconstruction techniques with very precise indications

ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF AN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE STEM BARK OF PILIOSTIGMA RETICULATUM (CAESALPINIACEAE) IN RATS

Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) is used in Africa as a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis and diarrhoea. We investigated the antidiarrhoeal properties of a crude ethanol extract from the stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum (EEPR) in Wistar albino rats to substantiate its traditional use and to determine its phytochemical constituents. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the plant extract was evaluated in a castor oil-induced diarrhoea model in rats and compared with loperamide. The effect of the extract on gastrointestinal motility was also determined by the oral administration of charcoal meal and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling). EEPR showed remarkable dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity evidenced by a reduction of defecation frequency and change in consistency. Extracts at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced diarrhoeal faeces. EEPR also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling at 500 and 1000 mg/kg, similar to the inhibition obtained in control rats treated by atropine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols and reducing sugars in the stem bark of P. reticulatum. No mortality or visible signs of general weakness were observed in the rats following administration of the crude extract in doses up to 6000 mg/kg body weight in an acute toxicity study. Our results show that the stem bark of P. reticulatum possesses antidiarrhoeal activity and strongly suggest that its use in traditional medicine practice could be justified

Long-term continuous administration of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn in male Sprague-Dawley rats: biochemical, haematological and histopathological changes

Background: Conflicting reports about the toxicity of Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn (family Asteraceae), a plant traditionally used in Ghana for the management of epilepsy, abound in literature. The present study evaluates the effect of a 90-day continuous oral administration of a hydro-ethanolic whole plant extract of Synedrella nodiflora (SNE) in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods: The toxicological evaluation of the extract (100, 300 and 1000 mgkg-1) was focused on haematological, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological changes of some isolated organs.Results: The extract produced no mortality in the rats treated during the study period. Only SNE 100 mgkg-1 produced significant decrease in white blood cell and neutrophil counts and an increase in albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, total protein and potassium levels. The higher doses (SNE 300 and 1000 mgkg-1) had no significant effect on all the haematological and biochemical parameters measured. Histopathological assessment of the liver, kidney and heart revealed no abnormalities in rats treated with the extracts. Only the SNE 1000 mgkg-1 produced distortions of the branching arrangements of the myocardial fibres and a congested vessel which indicates a healed infarction.Conclusions: The findings suggest hydro-ethanolic extract of Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn generally has a low toxicity profile following a 90-day continuous oral administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats under the present laboratory conditions. However patients with renal or cardiac problems should use the plant with caution.Funding: Jointly supported by the International Foundation for Science, Stockholm, Sweden, through a grant (# F/5191-1) to Dr. Patrick Amoateng and the Office of Research, Innovation and Development (ORID), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, grant awarded to Dr. Patrick Amoateng (reference number: URF/6/ILG-002/2012-2013)Keywords: : Synedrella nodiflora, Sprague-Dawley rats, histopathological, haematologica

Technical Basis for Assessing Uranium Bioremediation Performance

In situ bioremediation of uranium holds significant promise for effective stabilization of U(VI) from groundwater at reduced cost compared to conventional pump and treat. This promise is unlikely to be realized unless researchers and practitioners successfully predict and demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of uranium bioremediation protocols. Field research to date has focused on both proof of principle and a mechanistic level of understanding. Current practice typically involves an engineering approach using proprietary amendments that focuses mainly on monitoring U(VI) concentration for a limited time period. Given the complexity of uranium biogeochemistry and uranium secondary minerals, and the lack of documented case studies, a systematic monitoring approach using multiple performance indicators is needed. This document provides an overview of uranium bioremediation, summarizes design considerations, and identifies and prioritizes field performance indicators for the application of uranium bioremediation. The performance indicators provided as part of this document are based on current biogeochemical understanding of uranium and will enable practitioners to monitor the performance of their system and make a strong case to clients, regulators, and the public that the future performance of the system can be assured and changes in performance addressed as needed. The performance indicators established by this document and the information gained by using these indicators do add to the cost of uranium bioremediation. However, they are vital to the long-term success of the application of uranium bioremediation and provide a significant assurance that regulatory goals will be met. The document also emphasizes the need for systematic development of key information from bench scale tests and pilot scales tests prior to full-scale implementation