A hydrogels: Methods of preparation and applications

Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks capable of absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Due to their high water content, porosity and soft consistency, they closely simulate natural living tissue, more so than any other class of synthetic biomaterials. Skin is the largest organ of human body and drug delivery through this route is called transdermal drug delivery system. This route of drug administration is used for local as well assystemic delivery of drug. In this review article an attempt has been made to explain the advantages, disadvantages, classification of hydrogels, methods of preparation and applications and future challenges in hydrogel based drug delivery syste

Technology transfer in pharmaceutical industry- A Review

The objective of this review article is to study how technology is transferred in pharmaceutical industry. The article attempts to discuss about the technology transfer process, importance of technology transfer, reasons for using technology transfer, policy approaches of technology transfer, effective factors in technology transfer, Facets of technology transfer, goals of technology transfer, steps involved in technology transfer, barriers of technology transfer and the issues involved in the technology transfer in the pharmaceutical industry. The transfer may be said to be successful if the receiving unit and the transferee can effectively utilize the technology for business gain. The transfer involves cost and expenditure that should be agreed by the transferee and transferor. The success of any particular technology transfer depends upon process understanding or the ability to predict accurately the future performance of a process

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRE OPERATIVE DEEP BREATHING EXERCISE ON POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY

Introduction : Pulmonary complications have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality after major abdominal surgery. One of the major causes of pulmonary dysfunction after such surgery is restricted breathing due to pain and diaphragmatic dysfunction.Methodology :  this study investigated the effects of pre operative breathing exercises training on the vital capacity and peak expiratory flow rate of upper abdominal surgery patients. The patient were divided into 2 groups, control and experimental. Patient in experimental group were given three supervised session of diaphragmatic deep breathing exercise daily. Spirometric and peak flow meter values of vital capacity and peak expiratory flow rate were obtained one day before and 1st , 3rd , 5th, and 7th day after surgery.Result and conclusion : The data obtained were analyzed in terms of descriptive(frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics by using soft ware SPSS – 16.1 version. The analysis showed a significant difference in the pre and post training vital capacity and peak expiratory flow rate for experimental group compared to control group. So, diaphragmatic deep breathing exercise improves the pulmonary functions after the abdominal surgery.Â

Trends of maternal mortality at a tertiary health care centre in India

Background: Maternal mortality is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of duration and site of pregnancy from any cause, related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the hospital records to study the maternal deaths and complication leading to maternal death over the period of one year from January 2019 to December 2019 in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, LTMMC and Sion Hospital.Results: The maternal mortality ratio in the present study 548/100000 live births and corrected MMR’s 190/live births. There were 49 deaths of 8093 live birth during the study period. The majority of deaths occurred in the 20-30 age group. Hemorrhage (22.4%) and hypertensive disorder (14.2%) are two most common direct cause of maternal deaths. 46.9% of maternal deaths occurred after 72 hours of death. Indirect cause accounts for 73.5%. Of these deaths and DIC with sepsis was the leading indirect cause of maternal deaths.Conclusions: Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorder, anemia and DIC with sepsis remain major cause of maternal deaths. Delay at primary level, by the patient and family contributed to higher maternal mortality. This requires more effort to educate, impart knowledge to recognize danger signs and seek urgent medical help and create awareness about the easy accessibility and availability of nearby health care facilities amongst the society

Robotic Extrusion of Algae-Laden Hydrogels for Large-Scale Applications

A bioprinting technique for large‐scale, custom‐printed immobilization of microalgae is developed for potential applications within architecture and the built environment. Alginate‐based hydrogels with various rheology modifying polymers and varying water percentages are characterized to establish a window of operation suitable for layer‐by‐layer deposition on a large scale. Hydrogels formulated with methylcellulose and carrageenan, with water percentages ranging from 80% to 92.5%, demonstrate a dominant viscoelastic solid–like property with G′ > G″ and a low phase angle, making them the most suitable for extrusion‐based printing. A custom multimaterial pneumatic extrusion system is developed to be attached on the end effector of an industrial multiaxis robot arm, allowing precision‐based numerically controlled layered deposition of the viscous hydrogel. The relationship between the various printing parameters, namely air pressure, material viscosity, viscoelasticity, feed rate, printing distance, nozzle diameter, and the speed of printing, are characterized to achieve the desired resolution of the component. Printed prototypes are postcured in CaCl2 via crosslinking. Biocompatibility tests show that cells can survive for 21 days after printing the constructs. To demonstrate the methodology for scale‐up, a 1000 × 500 mm fibrous hydrogel panel is additively deposited with 3 different hydrogels with varying water percentages

Simulations of Aerodynamic Damping for MEMS Resonators

Aerodynamic damping for MEMS resonators is studied based on the numerical solution of Boltzmann-ESBGK equation. A compact model is then developed based on numerical simulations for a wide range of Knudsen numbers. The damping predictions are compared with both Reynold equation based models and several sets of experimental data. It has been found that the structural damping is dominant at low pressures (high Knudsen numbers). For cases with small length-to-width ratios and large vibration amplitudes, the threedimensionality effects must be taken into account. Finally, an uncertainty quantification approach based on the probability transformation method has been applied to assess the influence of pressure and geometric uncertainties. The output probability density functions (PDF) of the damping ratio has been studied for various input PDF of beam geometry and ambient pressure