Dust sublimation by GRBs and its implications

The prompt optical flash recently detected accompanying GRB990123 suggests that, for at least some GRBs, gamma-ray emission is accompanied by prompt optical-UV emission with luminosity L(1-7.5eV)=10^{49}(\Delta\Omega/4\pi)erg/s, where \Delta\Omega is the solid angle into which gamma-ray and optical-UV emission is beamed. Such an optical-UV flash can destroy dust in the beam by sublimation out to an appreciable distance, approximately 10 pc, and may clear the dust out of as much as 10^7(\Delta\Omega/4\pi)M_sun of molecular cloud material on an apparent time scale of 10 seconds. Detection of time dependent extinction on this time scale would therefore provide strong constraints on the GRB source environment. Dust destruction implies that existing, or future, observations of not-heavily-reddened fireballs are not inconsistent with GRBs being associated with star forming regions. In this case, however, if gamma-ray emission is highly beamed, the expanding fireball would become reddened on a 1 week time scale. If the optical depth due to dust beyond approximately 8 pc from the GRB is 0.2<\tau_V<2, most of the UV flash energy is converted to infra-red, \lambda \sim 1 micron, radiation with luminosity \sim 10^{41} erg/s extending over an apparent duration of \sim 20(1+z)(\Delta\Omega/0.01) day. Dust infra-red emission may already have been observed in GRB970228 and GRB980326, and may possibly explain their unusual late time behavior.Comment: 16 pages, including 1 figure, submitted to Ap

Kesesuaian Gejala Klinis Malaria dengan Parasitemia Positif di Wilayah Puskesmas Wairasa Kabupaten Sumba Tengah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Salah satu indikator penentuan endemisitas malaria adalah Annual Malaria Incidence (AMI). Angka AMI Puskesmas Wairasa Kabupaten Sumba Tengah selama tiga tahun berturut-turut (2009, 2010, 2011) sebesar 144°, 187°, dan 108°. Tujuan kegiatan adalah menilai kesepakatan antara hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis Puskesmas Wairasa dan Loka Litbang P2B2 Waikabubak dan mengidentifikasi gejala klinis yang dapat menjadi penanda sesorang positif malaria. Desain kegiatan cross sectional, subyek kegiatan adalah pasien tersangka malaria yang berkunjung ke puskesmas. Kesepakatan hasil pemeriksaan kedua mikroskopis cukup tinggi (0,92). Disimpulkan bahwa kesepakatan pemeriksaan cukup baik. Ada 14 gejala klinis pada responden dengan parasitemia positif yaitu demam, mengigil, sakit kepala, berkeringat, suhu badan meningkat (37°C), mual, muntah, pucat, pegal (nyeri otot), nafsu makan kurang, diare, batuk, pilek, pembesaran limpa. Gejala yang secara bermakna menunjukkan kemungkinan lebih besar infeksi malaria adalah demam (OR 4,945 95% CI 2,010-12,168), sakit kepala (OR 2,230 95% CI 1,551-3,470), pucat (OR 1,557 95% CI 1,046-2,318), dan badan pegal (nyeri otot) (OR 1,778 95% CI 1,778-2,622), sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu tanda adanya infeksi malaria di daerah ini.Kata Kunci : Malaria, Parasitemia, gejala klinisAbstractOne of the indicator to determine malaria endemicity is the Annual Malaria Incidence (AMI). The number of AMI at Wairasa Health Center, Central Sumba within three consecutive year (2009,2010 and 2011) were 144°, 187° and 108°. The aim of the study were to confirm the results of microscopic examination between Wairasa Health Center and Loka Litbang P2B Waikabubak and to identify clinical symptoms that can be used as a marker of malaria positive. The study used cross sectional design, the sampel were patient suspected with malaria visiting the health center. The conformity of the microscopic assessment between the two centers are quite high (0.92). The symptoms found in patient with parasitemia positive in which fever, headache, pale and body aches (muscle pain) are significantly showed the likelihood of having malaria infection and therefore can be used as a marker of malaria infection in central Sumba. The conclusion that the agreement is quite good examination. Based on multivariate analysis found four symptoms were significantly associated with parasitaemia of fever (95% CI 2.010 to 12.168 4.945), headache (OR 2.230 95% CI 1.551 to 3.470), white (OR 1.557 95% CI 1.046 to 2.318), body feels stiff (OR 1.778 95% CI 1.778 to 2.622) can be one sign of malaria infection in this area.Keywords : Malaria, Parasitemia, clinical symptom

Non-minimal Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs theory: Associated, color and color-acoustic metrics for the Wu-Yang monopole model

We discuss a non-minimal Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs model with uniaxial anisotropy in the group space associated with the Higgs field. We apply this theory to the problem of propagation of color and color-acoustic waves in the gravitational background related to the non-minimal regular Wu-Yang monopole.Comment: 14 pages, no figure

Pemetaan Daerah Penyebaran Kasus Rabies Dengan Metode Gis (Geographical Informasion System) Di Kabupaten Sikka Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

.Rabies has become an important public health concern in countries in Asia and Afrika. Rabies isstill problem for world health including Indonesia.Rabies in Indonesia to be series problem healthcommunity because always almost fatal after symptom clinical of a disease with level death untill100%. Provinsi East Nusa Tenggara quantity case from the bite of a mad dog is 16.000 case oneyear. The aim of this research is to analyze the epidemiological spatial pattern of rabies in Sikkadistrict in 2010 using Geographical Information System (GIS) in case mapping the distribute areato be as information in planning prevention and eliminasi rabies Sikka district. Tipe of research iscross sectional using Geographical Information Sistem approach which is able to visualize,excess, sort, and the data spatial. The population is the whole cases of rabies in register of district health office and register community health centers at Sikka district. Sample is the wholefill the conditioan was 135 rabies patient. The analysis of the spatial pattern showed stratificationspreading rabies case can be devided in 3 cluster. Centers dot cluster I in coordinate 8,622296 LS122,215432 BT with radius 1,48 Km. Quantity dot case 58 (42,96%). Centres dot cluster II incoordinate 8,699204 LS 122,31267313 with radius 13,25 Km.Quantity dot case 41 (30,37%) andcenters dot cluster III in coordinate 8,681881 LS 122,167690 BT. Quantitydot case 36 (26,66% ).Specification cluster used Satcan v7.0.2 witth analysis space time permutation. Radius of casewith community health centers to have been divided in 3 zone buffer. Zone buffer 1. The distance2 Km subdistrict Alok, zone buffer 2 the distance 4 Km subdistrict Kewapante also Nita and zonebuffer 3 the distance 8 Km subdistrict Kangae

Light Rays at Optical Black Holes in Moving Media

Light experiences a non-uniformly moving medium as an effective gravitational field, endowed with an effective metric tensor $\tilde{g}^{\mu \nu}=\eta^{\mu \nu}+(n^2-1)u^\mu u^\nu$, $n$ being the refractive index and $u^\mu$ the four-velocity of the medium. Leonhardt and Piwnicki [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 60}, 4301 (1999)] argued that a flowing dielectric fluid of this kind can be used to generate an 'optical black hole'. In the Leonhardt-Piwnicki model, only a vortex flow was considered. It was later pointed out by Visser [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 85}, 5252 (2000)] that in order to form a proper optical black hole containing an event horizon, it becomes necessary to add an inward radial velocity component to the vortex flow. In the present paper we undertake this task: we consider a full spiral flow, consisting of a vortex component plus a radially infalling component. Light propagates in such a dielectric medium in a way similar to that occurring around a rotating black hole. We calculate, and show graphically, the effective potential versus the radial distance from the vortex singularity, and show that the spiral flow can always capture light in both a positive, and a negative, inverse impact parameter interval. The existence of a genuine event horizon is found to depend on the strength of the radial flow, relative to the strength of the azimuthal flow. A limitation of our fluid model is that it is nondispersive.Comment: 30 pages, LaTeX, 4 ps figures. Expanded discussion especially in section 6; 5 new references. Version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Designed to fail : a biopolitics of British Citizenship.

Tracing a route through the recent 'ugly history' of British citizenship, this article advances two central claims. Firstly, British citizenship has been designed to fail specific groups and populations. Failure, it argues, is a design principle of British citizenship, in the most active and violent sense of the verb to design: to mark out, to indicate, to designate. Secondly, British citizenship is a biopolitics - a field of techniques and practices (legal, social, moral) through which populations are controlled and fashioned. This article begins with the 1981 Nationality Act and the violent conflicts between the police and black communities in Brixton that accompanied the passage of the Act through the British parliament. Employing Michel Foucault's concept of state racism, it argues that the 1981 Nationality Act marked a pivotal moment in the design of British citizenship and has operated as the template for a glut of subsequent nationality legislation that has shaped who can achieve citizenship. The central argument is that the existence of populations of failed citizens within Britain is not an accident of flawed design, but is foundational to British citizenship. For many 'national minorities' the lived realities of biopolitical citizenship stand in stark contradistinction to contemporary governmental accounts of citizenship that stress community cohesion, political participation, social responsibility, rights and pride in shared national belonging

Stacking Entropy of Hard Sphere Crystals

Classical hard spheres crystallize at equilibrium at high enough density. Crystals made up of stackings of 2-dimensional hexagonal close-packed layers (e.g. fcc, hcp, etc.) differ in entropy by only about $10^{-3}k_B$ per sphere (all configurations are degenerate in energy). To readily resolve and study these small entropy differences, we have implemented two different multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithms that allow direct equilibration between crystals with different stacking sequences. Recent work had demonstrated that the fcc stacking has higher entropy than the hcp stacking. We have studied other stackings to demonstrate that the fcc stacking does indeed have the highest entropy of ALL possible stackings. The entropic interactions we could detect involve three, four and (although with less statistical certainty) five consecutive layers of spheres. These interlayer entropic interactions fall off in strength with increasing distance, as expected; this fall-off appears to be much slower near the melting density than at the maximum (close-packing) density. At maximum density the entropy difference between fcc and hcp stackings is $0.00115 +/- 0.00004 k_B$ per sphere, which is roughly 30% higher than the same quantity measured near the melting transition.Comment: 15 page

Ultrahigh sensitivity of slow-light gyroscope

Slow light generated by Electromagnetically Induced Transparency is extremely susceptible with respect to Doppler detuning. Consequently, slow-light gyroscopes should have ultrahigh sensitivity

Strategies for Developing Sustainable Design Practice for Students and SME Professionals

Designers and engineers seem finally to be awakening to the challenge that sustainable development has given. Educators and students alike are keenly aware of the need to become more effective in the training and practice of their specific disciplines with respect to sustainability. \noindent In the past four years since this research has developed, there has been a marked change in the mass market appeal for sustainable products and services. Implementation of sustainable design practice from both recent graduates and also innovative small and medium enterprises (SMEs) at a local level is slow. One would assume that the consumer drive would push a change in design practice but perhaps the complexities of sustainable design along with the lack of experience in the field are providing barriers to designers and marketers alike. In addition the SME sector alone makes up the bulk of industry within the European Union (EU) varying in some countries from 80-95% of the total numbers of companies (Tukker et al. 2000). These industries by their nature find it difficult to dedicate expertise solely to sustainable development issues. The strategy outlined in this paper intended to introduce concepts of sustainable design thinking and practice to both SMEs and undergraduate students. \noindent This current and ongoing research qualitatively assesses appropriate models for educating for sustainable design thinking with SME employees and undergraduate design students. The sample groups include Industrial Design and Product Design undergraduate students in Ireland at the Institute of Technology, Carlow (IT Carlow), The University of Limerick (UL) and a sample of SMEs in the South East of Ireland, with broad national participation from other students of design and professionals from industry. Current levels of understanding of students and SME professionals of key environmental and social issues are measured