Predation Rates on Real and Artificial Nests of Grassland Birds

We estimated nesting success at real and artificial nests of grassland birds to test the influence of nest type, nest position, and egg size on predation rates. We distributed wicker nests and realistic woven-grass nests baited with a clay egg and either a Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) egg or a House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) egg in four grasslands that were part of the Conservation Reserve Program in east-central Illinois. Nesting success averaged 86.5% for 12 days of exposure for artificial nests. For real nests, nesting success was markedly lower, averaging 39% over the entire nesting cycle and 59% during approximately 12 days of incubation. Wicker nests were depredated more often than wovengrass artificial nests (18% vs. 8%), and nests baited with House Sparrow eggs were depredated more often than nests baited with Northern Bobwhite eggs (22% vs. 9% ). Elevated and ground nests were depredated at the same rate. Patterns of nest predation on wicker nests were markedly different from depredation patterns on real nests over time and among fields. In contrast, patterns of nest predation on realistic woven-grass nests corresponded much more closely with predation rates of real nests over time and among fields. We suggest that future artificial nest studies use nests and eggs that mimic as closely as possible the real nests and eggs of target species. Use of unrealistic artificial nests and eggs, at least in grasslands, may result in patterns of predation that do not accurately reflect those of real nests. Artificial nests of any type appear to underestimate predation rates on nests of grassland birds, possibly because of a lack of snake predation on artificial nests

Onset of dissipation in ballistic atomic wires

Electronic transport at finite voltages in free-standing gold atomic chains of up to 7 atoms in length is studied at low temperatures using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The conductance vs voltage curves show that transport in these single-mode ballistic atomic wires is non-dissipative up to a finite voltage threshold of the order of several mV. The onset of dissipation and resistance within the wire corresponds to the excitation of the atomic vibrations by the electrons traversing the wire and is very sensitive to strain.Comment: Revtex4, 4 pages, 3 fig

Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor

The anomalous metallic state in high-temperature superconducting cuprates is masked by the onset of superconductivity near a quantum critical point. Use of high magnetic fields to suppress superconductivity has enabled a detailed study of the ground state in these systems. Yet, the direct effect of strong magnetic fields on the metallic behavior at low temperatures is poorly understood, especially near critical doping, $x=0.19$. Here we report a high-field magnetoresistance study of thin films of \LSCO cuprates in close vicinity to critical doping, $0.161\leq x\leq0.190$. We find that the metallic state exposed by suppressing superconductivity is characterized by a magnetoresistance that is linear in magnetic field up to the highest measured fields of $80$T. The slope of the linear-in-field resistivity is temperature-independent at very high fields. It mirrors the magnitude and doping evolution of the linear-in-temperature resistivity that has been ascribed to Planckian dissipation near a quantum critical point. This establishes true scale-invariant conductivity as the signature of the strange metal state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

States for phase estimation in quantum interferometry

Ramsey interferometry allows the estimation of the phase $\phi$ of rotation of the pseudospin vector of an ensemble of two-state quantum systems. For $\phi$ small, the noise-to-signal ratio scales as the spin-squeezing parameter $\xi$, with $\xi<1$ possible for an entangled ensemble. However states with minimum $\xi$ are not optimal for single-shot measurements of an arbitrary phase. We define a phase-squeezing parameter, $\zeta$, which is an appropriate figure-of-merit for this case. We show that (unlike the states that minimize $\xi$), the states that minimize $\zeta$ can be created by evolving an unentangled state (coherent spin state) by the well-known 2-axis counter-twisting Hamiltonian. We analyse these and other states (for example the maximally entangled state, analogous to the optical "NOON" state $|\psi> = (|N,0>+|0,N>)/\sqrt{2}$) using several different properties, including $\xi$, $\zeta$, the coefficients in the pseudo angular momentum basis (in the three primary directions) and the angular Wigner function $W(\theta,\phi)$. Finally we discuss the experimental options for creating phase squeezed states and doing single-shot phase estimation.Comment: 8 pages and 5 figure

Nonlinear quantum mechanics implies polynomial-time solution for NP-complete and #P problems

If quantum states exhibit small nonlinearities during time evolution, then quantum computers can be used to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time. We provide algorithms that solve NP-complete and #P oracle problems by exploiting nonlinear quantum logic gates. It is argued that virtually any deterministic nonlinear quantum theory will include such gates, and the method is explicitly demonstrated using the Weinberg model of nonlinear quantum mechanics.Comment: 10 pages, no figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Positioning and clock synchronization through entanglement

A method is proposed to employ entangled and squeezed light for determining the position of a party and for synchronizing distant clocks. An accuracy gain over analogous protocols that employ classical resources is demonstrated and a quantum-cryptographic positioning application is given, which allows only trusted parties to learn the position of whatever must be localized. The presence of a lossy channel and imperfect photodetection is considered. The advantages in using partially entangled states is discussed.Comment: Revised version. 9 pages, 6 figure

Temperature and Field Dependence of the Energy Gap of MgB2/Pb planar junction

We have constructed MgB2/Pb planar junctions for both temperature and field dependence studies. Our results show that the small gap is a true bulk property of MgB2 superconductor, not due to surface effects. The temperature dependence of the energy gap manifests a nearly BCS-like behavior. Analysis of the effect of magnetic field on junctions suggests that the energy gap of MgB2 depends non-linearly on the magnetic field. Moreover, MgB2 has an upper critical field of 15 T, in agreement with some reported Hc2 from transport measurements.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.