Explaining Political Violence Against Civilians in Northern Ireland: A Contention-Oriented Approach

In contrast to prevalent theories of terrorism, this study develops a contention-oriented approach where levels and forms of political violence against civilians depend upon: (1) the strategies of combatants; (2) the means of contention; (3) the locations of allies and opponents; (4) the collective identities of combatants; and (5) the dynamics of contention, including whether or not representatives of paramilitary organizations are included in formal peace processes. Quantitative analyses of a multi-source database of civilian deaths taking place in Northern Ireland between 1966 and 2006 offer preliminary support for this approach. The study underscores the insights provided by theories and methods used in the fields of social movements research and peace and conflict studies

Clinical impact of splicing in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Clinical exome sequencing is frequently used to identify gene-disrupting variants in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. While splice-disrupting variants are known to contribute to these disorders, clinical interpretation of cryptic splice variants outside of the canonical splice site has been challenging. Here, we discuss papers that improve such detection

A switch element in the autophagy E2 Atg3 mediates allosteric regulation across the lipidation cascade

Autophagy depends on the E2 enzyme, Atg3, functioning in a conserved E1-E2-E3 trienzyme cascade that catalyzes lipidation of Atg8-family ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Molecular mechanisms underlying Atg8 lipidation remain poorly understood despite association of Atg3, the E1 Atg7, and the composite E3 Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 with pathologies including cancers, infections and neurodegeneration. Here, studying yeast enzymes, we report that an Atg3 element we term E123IR (E1, E2, and E3-interacting region) is an allosteric switch. NMR, biochemical, crystallographic and genetic data collectively indicate that in the absence of the enzymatic cascade, the Atg3(E123IR) makes intramolecular interactions restraining Atg3's catalytic loop, while E1 and E3 enzymes directly remove this brace to conformationally activate Atg3 and elicit Atg8 lipidation in vitro and in vivo. We propose that Atg3's E123IR protects the E2 similar to UBL thioester bond from wayward reactivity toward errant nucleophiles, while Atg8 lipidation cascade enzymes induce E2 active site remodeling through an unprecedented mechanism to drive autophagy

Act like a lady: the impact of gender identity on American Sign Language – English interpreters

In this study, trends in gender-related traits among practitioners of American Sign Language – English interpreting are investigated. The impact of gender identity on practitioners’ perceptions of their role and professional experiences is also explored. Limited research exists to address issues of gender within the American Sign Language – English interpreting field but is largely focused on differences in discourse among male and female practitioners. Data for this study was collected through quantitative and qualitative means: an online survey incorporating the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and interviews with five practitioners of American Sign Language – English interpreting. A review of related literature supported the notion that while societal views of gender have shifted over time, certain qualities and characteristics remain valued for men and women. Research on female-dominated professions shows men experience gender identity privilege in the workplace. While this study shows that male and female practitioners may value or possess similar traits and characteristics, female practitioners experience gender identity oppression in a manner that male practitioners do not, especially related to their bodies and expressions of femininity. The experiences of female practitioners creates an additional layer of consideration that must be addressed prior to focusing on the myriad considerations inherent in the work of American Sign Language – English interpreters. Educators are advised to take current classroom practices into consideration for supporting all students, regardless of gender identity, and practitioners are encouraged to seek diverse communities of practice. These communities may provide the forum during which practitioners can engage in discussions of identity oppression and potential mitigating strategies

Alien Registration- Campbell, Grace B. (Brewer, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/11378/thumbnail.jp

M.B. Grace to Sir (30 September 1962)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_anti/1012/thumbnail.jp

Convalescent care in Louisville, Kentucky.

This study is undertaken to survey and evaluate the adequacy of convalescent facilities available for indigent persons who have been under the care of the surgical service at the Louisville General Hospital. The adequacy of convalescent care will be measured first, in relation to its scope, second, in relation to its help to the patients, and third, in its interaction with other community agencies. The study is prompted by the recognition of the fact that convalescence is a sadly neglected field of medical care. Convalescence will be defined for the purposes of this study as the more or less gradual return towards normal after a period of physical or mental disability. The approach to this aspect of need for medical care should be made with the realization that no medical history is complete until the story of the convalescent period is complete. A patient may have recovered from. illness end still be unprepared to assume routine duties. It is the management of this period of medical care that has not been satisfactorily supervised in the past. In considering adequate convalescent care, we must think in terms of the individual and of his nutritional, psychosomatic, and economic condition. It should be considered as a continuing service in which the physician, the hospital and social service, all have a share

Consonant acquisition in Lio

Lio is an understudied Austronesian language spoken in Central Flores, Indonesia by 220,000 speakers (Ethnologue, 2019), for which no acquisition research has yet been completed. In this case study, the speech of two female bilingual speakers, ages 7 and 9, were transcribed, to determine which consonants were produced in an adult-like manner by each speaker; all consonants that the children attempted were produced in an adult-like manner, excepting [ɰ] and [r]. [ɰ] is of note, as it was replaced by [j], a phoneme in the speakers’ other language, Indonesian, implying a potential influence of bilingualism.