Organ-specific inhibition of metastatic colon carcinoma by CXCR3 antagonism

Liver and lung metastases are the predominant cause of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related mortality. Recent research has indicated that CXCR3/chemokines interactions that orchestrate haematopoetic cell movement are implicated in the metastatic process of malignant tumours, including that of CRC cells to lymph nodes. To date, however, the contribution of CXCR3 to liver and lung metastasis in CRC has not been addressed. To determine whether CXCR3 receptors regulate malignancy-related properties of CRC cells, we have used CXCR3-expressing CRC cell lines of human (HT29 cells) and murine (C26 cells) origins that enable the development of liver and lung metastases when injected into immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice, respectively, and assessed the effect of CXCR3 blockade using AMG487, a small molecular weight antagonist. In vitro, activation of CXCR3 on human and mouse CRC cells by its cognate ligands induced migratory and growth responses, both activities being abrogated by AMG487. In vivo, systemic CXCR3 antagonism by preventive or curative treatments with AMG487 markedly inhibited the implantation and the growth of human and mouse CRC cells within lung without affecting that in the liver. In addition, we measured increased levels of CXCR3 and ligands expression within lung nodules compared with liver tumours. Altogether, our findings indicate that activation of CXCR3 receptors by its cognate ligands facilitates the implantation and the progression of CRC cells within lung tissues and that inhibition of this axis decreases pulmonary metastasis of CRC in two murine tumour models

Tissue‐specific differential antitumour effect of molecular forms of fractalkine in a mouse model of metastatic colon cancer

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fractalkine, a chemokine that presents as both a secreted and a membrane‐anchored form, has been described as having tumour‐suppressive activities in standard subcutaneous models. Here, we investigate the antitumour effect of fractalkine, in its three molecular forms, in two orthotopic models of metastatic colon cancer (liver and lung) and in the standard subcutaneous model. METHODS: We have developed models of skin tumours, liver and pulmonary metastasis and compared the extent of tumour development between C26 colon cancer cells expressing either the native, the soluble, the membrane‐bound fractalkine or none. RESULTS: The native fractalkine exhibits the strongest antitumour effect, reducing the tumour size by 93% in the skin and by 99% in the orthotopic models (p<0.0001). Its overall effect results from a critical balance between the activity of the secreted and the membrane‐bound forms, balance that is itself dependent on the target tissue. In the skin, both molecular variants reduce tumour development by 66% (p<0.01). In contrast, the liver and lung metastases are only significantly reduced by the soluble form (by 96%, p<0.002) whereas the membrane‐bound variant exerts a barely significant effect in the liver (p = 0.049) and promotes tumour growth in the lungs. Moreover, we show a significant difference in the contribution of the infiltrating leukocytes to the tumour‐suppressive activity of fractalkine between the standard and the orthotopic models. CONCLUSIONS: Fractalkine expression by C26 tumour cells drastically reduces their metastatic potential in the two physiological target organs. Both molecular forms contribute to its antitumour potential but exhibit differential effects on tumour development depending on the target tissue