International Science Foresight Workshop: Global Challenges and Research Gaps. The Royaumont process.

How scientists might better contribute to SDGs in the land sector? At the invitation of INRAE, a group of high-level international experts delivers a comprehensive and systemic approach

Réactions de semis naturels de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) et d’érable sycomore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) à l’ouverture du couvert : croissance et ajustements fonctionnels

Diplôme : Dr. d'UniversitéManagement of mixed forests relies mainly on natural regeneration dynamics and canopy opening is particularly critical during regeneration process. Acquiring knowledge about reactions of different tree species to opening is important as advanced understory sapling bank constitutes an important potential for future stand reconstitution. Gap creation induces rapid change in sapling growth conditions (larger light and soil water availability, higher vapour pressure deficit…). Growth of pre-existing seedlings is often delayed for a few months up to several years after a gap opening. We hypothesized that this delay might be ascribed to the time needed for acclimation of advanced sapling exposed to the new light environment. Four shade tolerant species (beech, sycamore maple, Norway maple and field maple) in advanced seedling banks were studied. For 2 years after canopy opening, the sapling growth response was caracterized and the growth delay was explain by an analysis of morphological and physiological components of growth. Following canopy opening, mortality was low and diameter growth increased from the first year onwards whereas height growth increase was delayed for one year. Beech and sycamore have shown plasticity of leaf structure (increase of LMA) and tree architecture as influenced by canopy opening. Beech reacted also by allocating more biomass to root and cambial growth increasing this capacity to supply water to leaves. Nevertheless leaf carbon assimilation did not increase much the first year. This may be due in part to increased vulnerability to cavitation in beech under gap. The second year after opening, beech and sycamore seedling acclimation was almost achieved, both species having now an active diameter and height growth.Le renouvellement des formations mélangées repose essentiellement sur des dynamiques naturelles de régénération et une phase particulièrement critique dans ce processus est celle de l’ouverture du couvert. La banque de semis pré-existant sous couvert constitue un potentiel important pour la recomposition du futur peuplement et la connaissance de la réaction des différentes espèces constituant cette banque de semis à l’ouverture du couvert est importante. La création d’une trouée induit un changement rapide des conditions de croissance des semis (plus grande disponibilité en lumière et en eau, plus grand deficit de pression de vapeur d’eau…). Suite à l’ouverture de la canopée, l’augmentation de croissance des semis est souvent retardée de quelques mois à quelques années. Nous supposons que ce délai peut refléter le temps nécessaire à l’acclimatation des semis pré-existants exposé à un nouvel environnement lumineux. Quatre espèces tolérantes à l’ombre et constituant une banque de semis pré-existant sous couvert (le hêtre, l’érable sycomore, l’érable plane et l’érable champêtre) ont été étudiées. Durant 2 ans après l’ouverture du couvert, la réponse de croissance des semis est caractérisée et le délai avant la reprise de croissance est expliqué par une étude des composantes morphologiques et physiologiques de la croissance. Suite à l’ouverture du couvert, la mortalité des semis était faible. La croissance en diamètre augmentait dés la première année après la création de la trouée et l’augmentation de croissance en hauteur était retardée de un an. Hêtre et érable sycomore montraient une plasticité de réponse à l’ouverture du couvert avec des changements structuraux (augmentation de LMA) et dans l’architecture des semis. Le hêtre réagissait aussi en allouant plus de biomasse vers la croissance racinaire et cambiale, augmentant sa capacité d’alimenter en eau les feuilles. Néanmoins, l’augmentation d’assimilation foliaire restait limitée la première année après l’ouverture du couvert. Ceci pouvait être en partie attribué chez le hêtre à l’augmentation de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation. La deuxième année, l’acclimatation des semis était en grande partie réalisée pour le hêtre et l'érable sycomore, qui avaient repris une croissance en diamètre et en hauteur active

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Sustainable land-use transitions : moving beyond the 30x30 target and the land sparing/land sharing debates : policy brief

Policy Brief présenté pour discussion dans les COP Climat et Biodiversité, et Stockholm +50BACKGROUND The climate, biodiversity, water and health crises raise the crucial question of how we protect land while also producing food, fibre and biomass. Although this topic was addressed at the UN Food Systems Summit and at COP26 in 2021, the debate revolves around only two options presented as polar opposites: land sparing-high input, intensive farming that allows large portions of land to be "spared" for nature; and land sharing-biodiversity friendly low-input farming that shares land more equitably between nature and humans. In parallel, the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, to be discussed at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targets the protection of 30% of land and marine areas by 2030 (30 x 30 target). This target is fiercely debated because of: 1) its declarative nature, i.e., with no commitments on means and indicators; 2) its decoupling from the use of agricultural and forest areas, i.e., what is to be done with the remaining 70%? and 3) questions of State sovereignty, people' s land rights and environmental justice, i.e., in what geographic areas of the world and according to which forms of governance will the extension of protected areas be carried out? This policy brief reformulates the terms of the debate on land use within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that conservation policies are inseparable from the future of agriculture and food systems. It delivers four key messages

Investigation of the matrix effects on a HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method and application for monitoring triazine, phenylurea and chloroacetanilide concentrations in fresh and estuarine waters

 In this work, the effects of matrix interferences on the analytical performance of a new multiresidue method based on off-line solid phase extraction followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation and electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection were investigated. This technique allows the simultaneous determination of 30 triazines, phenylureas and chloroacetanilides, extracted from freshwaters, in 40 minutes. Quantifications were performed with the use of appropriate internal standards (i.e. atrazine D5, diuron D6 and metolachlor D6). The limits of quantification were from 1 to 32 ng L-1 for the triazines, from 5 to 59 ng L-1 for the phenylureas and from 13 to 54 ng L-1 for the chloroacetanilides. The matrix effects were studied by spiking various waters (i.e. tap, river, pond and sea waters) with the chemicals of interest. The results showed that the samples with the highest conductivity (i.e. seawater) and the most abundant dissolved organic matter content (i.e. pond water) exhibited important matrix effects with signal suppressions and high imprecision, respectively. These matrix effects were strongly minimized by performing appropriate internal standardizations. Afterward, this analytical method was applied for analyzing environmental samples from either river or estuarine waters and for monitoring herbicide input in a freshwater-seawater interface

Estimation of daily evapotranspiration over Africa using MODIS/Terra and SEVIRI/MSG data

Most existing remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms rely exclusively on polar-orbiting satellites with thermal infrared sensors, and therefore the resulting ET values represent only "instantaneous or snapshot" values. However, daily ET is more meaningful and useful in applications. In this study, daily ET estimates are obtained by combining data from the MODIS sensor aboard the polar-orbiting Terra satellite and the SEVIRI sensor aboard the geostationary-orbiting MSG satellite. The procedure consists of estimating the instantaneous evaporative fraction (EF) based on the MODIS/Terra land data products, and estimating the daily net radiation and daily available energy based on the 30-min SEVIRI/MSG data products. Assuming constant EF during the daytime, daily ET is estimated as the product of the SEVIRI/MSG-based daily available energy and MODIS/Terra-based instantaneous EF. The daily ET estimates are evaluated against flux tower measurements at four validation sites in Africa. Results indicate that the synergistic use of SEVIRI/MSG and MODIS/Terra has the potential to provide reliable estimates of daily ET during wet periods when daily ET exceeds 1. mm/day. The satellite-based daily ET estimates however tend to underestimate ET by 13% to 35%. The daily ET estimation algorithm can further be improved by incorporating a temporal data-filling interpolation technique to estimate the unavailable net radiation information during cloudy sky conditions, and by improving the accuracy of the instantaneous EF. The assumption of constant evaporative fraction during the daytime is reasonable, and does not result in substantial errors in the daily ET estimates