Influence of Intensive Animal Breeding to the Appearance of Infectious Diseases (Zoonoses)

Intensive animal breeding and production is based on farm breeding of animals which represents a major source of raw material for food production. Preserving health of animals requires a good practice during breeding, appropriate feeding and watering, adequate control of pests and wild animals. Animal breeding and production of food of animal origin requires significant engagement of veterinary services within the frame of epizootiological, epidemiological, veterinary and sanitary surveillance. Farm manner of cattle breeding can represent a danger of air, water and ground contamination. In the farms situated in a small space, overcrowded with animals there are ideal conditions for the appearance and spreading of causative agent of infectious diseases (prions, viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydia, bacteria, parasites and fungi), which can be transmitted also to humans and wild animals. From the aspect of public health, special attention should be given to the farms with large number of animals and farms with intensive breeding conditions. This is especially important in pig and poultry breeding, where moderate or high prevalence of infections such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are often present, regardless of the fact that the level of clinical illness caused by these infections is relatively low. Intensive production in animal husbandry leads to increased animal waste, and the richest source of infectious agents represents animal feces

Optimizacija procesa izolovanja hemoglobina iz goveđih eritrocita kontrolisanom hemolizom

In this work, we describe an optimized procedure based on gradual hemolysis for the isolation of hemoglobin derived from bovine slaughterhouse erythrocytes in a membrane bioreactor. The membrane bioreactor system provided high yields of hemoglobin (mainly oxyhemoglobin derivate) and its separation from the empty erythrocyte membranes (ghosts). Ten different concentrations of hypotonic media were assessed from the aspect of the extent of hemolysis, hematocrit values of the erythrocyte suspensions, cell swelling and membrane deformations induced by decreased salt concentration. Effective gradual osmotic hemolysis with an extent of hemolysis of 83% was performed using 35 mM Na-phosphate/NaCl buffer of pH 7.2-7.4. Under these conditions most of the cell membranes presented the appearance of the normal ghosts under phase contrast microscope. The results show that isolation process yielded predominantly to oxyhemoglobin. Kinetic studies showed that maximal concentration of hemoglobin was reached after 40 min, but the process cycle at which recovery of 83% was achieved lasted for 90 min.Dugi niz godina, i kod nas i u svetu, razvijaju se tehnološki postupci za izolovanje strukturno očuvanog i biološki aktivnog hemoglobina koji bi mogao da se koristi kao zamenik za krv, kao izvor biološki visokoaktivnog hemskog gvožđa u prevenciji anemije kod ljudi i životinja, ili kao reagens u dijagnostici. U ovom radu optimizovan je postupak za izolovanje hemoglobina iz eritrocita poreklom iz otpadne klanične goveđe krvi sa ciljem dobijanja preparata hemskog gvožđa za prevenciju anemije kod životinja. Testirana je osetljivost goveđih eritrocita na osmotsku lizu sa ciljem definisanja optimalnog puferskog sistema za efikasno izvođenje kontrolisane hemolize. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da goveđi eritrociti imaju povećanu osmotsku osetljivost u odnosu na humane eritrocite, a da je optimalan puferski sistem za izvođenje njihove kontrolisane hemolize 35 mM natrijum-fosfatni/NaCl pufer pH 7,2-7,4. Kontrolisana hemoliza sa optimizovanim puferskim sistemom je izvedena u membranskom reaktorskom sistemu i ostvaren je prinos hemoglobina od 83±12%. Tokom ovog procesa nije došlo do oštećenja membrane eritrocita, a intaktne membrane praznih eritrocita bi se mogle koristiti za inkapsulaciju biološki aktivnih supstanci

Inkapsulacija resveratrola u sferične čestice na bazi hidrogelova dozvoljenih za upotrebu u hrani

The paper reports about the preparation and characterization of hydrogel particles containing liposomes loaded with resveratrol as an active compound. The materials used for preparation of the particles were chosen to be suitable for food industry. Different polymer concentrations affect particles shape, size, size distribution, as well as the release kinetics of resveratrol. The diameter of particles varied from 360 to 754 μm, while the narrow size distribution was observed for all types of particles. Release studies were performed in Franz diffusion cell and the results showed the prolonged release of resveratrol from all samples, but the sample with the highest content of polymer (2.5% w/w) in particular stood out. The research provides useful information about liposomes containing active compound encapsulated in hydrogel matrices and offers the basis for its application in the food industry.Ovaj rad daje podatke o pripremi i karakterizaciji čestica koje sadrže lipozome sa inkapsuliranom aktivnom komponentom resveratrolom. Komponente koje ulaze u sastav ovih čestica odabrane su tako da mogu jednostavno da se primene u prehrambenoj industriji. Prikazan je uticaj različitih koncentracija početnih rastvora polimera čija upotreba je dozvoljena u hrani, a samim tim i njihove viskoznosti na veličinu formiranih čestica, njihov oblik i raspodelu veličina, ali i na otpuštanje resveratrola iz ovih složenih sistema. Prečnik čestica bio je između 360 i 754 μm, dok je uska raspodela veličina detektovana u svim uzorcima. Otpuštanje resveratrola praćeno je u Francovoj difuzionoj ćeliji gde su rezultati ukazali na produženo oslobađanje resveratrola u svim uzorcima. Ipak, uzorak koji je imao najveći udeo polimera u početnom rastvoru (2,5% w/w) najsporije je otpuštao aktivnu komponentu. Ovi rezultati daju korisne podatke o kompleksnim sistemima gde je aktivna komponenta inkapsulirana u lipozome dalje obložena polimerom čime doprinose potencijalnoj aplikaciji ovih i sličnih sistema u prehrambene proizvode

Primena neravnotežne plazme u medicini

The potential of plasma applications medicine, the connections to nanotechnologies and the results obtained by our group are reviewed. A special issue in plasma medicine is the development of the plasma sources that would achieve non-equilibrium at atmospheric pressure in an atmospheric gas mixture with no or only marginal heating of the gas, and with desired properties and mechanisms that may be controlled. Our studies have shown that control of radicals or chemically active products of the discharge, such as ROS (reactive oxygen species) and/or NO, may be used to control the growth of the seeds. Simultaneously, a specially designed plasma needle and other sources were shown to be efficient to sterilize not only colonies of bacteria but also plank- tonic samples (microorganisms protected by water) or bio films. Finally, it was shown that a plasma might induce differentiation of stem cells. Non-equilibrium plasmas may be used in detection of different specific markers in medicine. For example proton transfer mass spectroscopy may be employed in the detection of volatile organic compounds without their dissociation and thus as a technique for instantaneous measurement of the presence of markers for numerous diseases.U ovom radu dat je pregled primene plazme u medicini, povezanost sa nanotehnologijama i rezultate na ovom polju koje je postigla naša grupa. Poseban problem u plazma medicini je razvoj izvora plazme koji bi radili u neravnotežnim uslovima na atmosferskom pritisku i u smeši gasova kakva je u atmosferi uz zanemarljivo grejanje gasa i sa željenim karakteristikama koje se mogu podešavati po želji. Naša istraživanja su pokazala da se kontrola prisustva radikala i drugih hemijski aktivnih čestica kao što su reaktivne kiseonične čestice (ROS) i/ili NO, može koristiti za kontrolu klijanja semenki. U isto vreme je dokazano za posebno konstruisanu plazma iglu da može efikasno da steriliše ne samo kolonije bakterija već i planktonske uzorke (mikroorganizme zaštićene vodom) pa i biofilmove. Na kraju, mi smo pokazali da plazma može da indukuje diferencijaciju matičnih ćelija. Neravnotežna plazma se može koristiti za detekciju raznih specifičnih markera u medicini. Na primer masena spektroskopija na bazi izmene protona može da se koristi za detekciju isparivih organskih jedinjenja bez njihove disocijacije i na taj način se može ostvariti trenutna detekcija markera za brojne bolesti iz daha

Savremeni procesi inkapsulacije u tehnologiji hrane

The encapsulation processes have been intensively studied in the recent years as possible alternative to conventional food technologies. Encapsulation of food active compounds is based on formation of protective layer(s) around active compound using adequate encapsulation technique. The role of protective layer is to prevent degradation of active compound and to provide controlled release of protected ingredient under defined conditions. Modern food technology offers numerous solutions for encapsulation of food ingredients, plant extracts, microorganism cells, etc. Also, there are numerous available carrier materials that could be used for specific demand. Encapsulation is complex process and application of encapsulation techniques in the food production requires knowledge from different areas of science. The aim of this review is to summarize different encapsulation processes that are already applied in food technology as well as those that are under development. This paper analyses current experience in the area of encapsulation for food industry. Several encapsulation procedures such as spray drying, fluid bed coating, encapsulation in polymer particles, coacervation and encapsulation in cyclodextrins were analyzed.Procesi inkapsulacije su intenzivno izučavani poslednjih godina kao moguća alternativa konvencionalnim tehnologijama u proizvodnji hrane. Inkapsulacija aktivnih komponenti hrane se bazira na formiranju omotača (ili više slojeva omotača) oko aktivne komponente korišćenjem odgovarajuće metode inkapsulacije. Uloga zaštitnog omotača je, s jedne strane da spreči degradaciju aktivne komponente, a sa druge strane da omogući kontrolisano otpuštanje zaštićenih komponenti pod određenim uslovima. Moderna proizvodnja hrane nudi brojna rešenja za inkapsulaciju komponenti hrane, biljnih ekstrakata, ćelija mikroorganizama, itd. Takođe, postoji veliki broj dostupnih materijala nosača koji mogu da zadovolje specifične zahteve. Inkapsulacija je složen proces i primena inkapsulacionih tehnika u proizvodnji hrane zahteva znanje iz različitih oblasti nauke. Cilj ovog rada je da objedini različita iskustva iz inkapsulacionih procesa koji se već koriste u prehrambenoj tehnologiji, kao i onih procesa koji su još u fazi razvoja. Ovaj rad daje analizu i dosadašnja iskustva u oblasti inkapsulacije za potrebe industrije hrane. Data je analiza nekoliko inkapsulacionih procedura kao što su sprej sušenje, oblaganje u fluidizovanom sloju, inkapsulacija u polimernim česticama, koacervacija i inkapsulacija u ciklodekstrine

Implementation of the electrohydrodynamics’ perfect dielectric model in OpenFOAM®

The electrohydrodynamics’ (EHD) perfect dielectric model was added into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software OpenFOAM® in order to improve its usability for the EHD field and specifically for the mentioned model. Based on the investigated literature, it can be said that this is the most complete implementatiton of the said model. Two sets of numerical simulations with two different fluids are presented and analyzed. One set is one-dimensional. The other set is with a drop of one fluid surrounded by other fluid. Oscillations can be observed with certain expressions or calculation strategies for the electrostrictive force, and used for disregarding them. Results that are closer to analytical predictions can be obtained by using appropriate expression for the dielectric force. The electrostrictive force was implemented not only for nonpolar, but also for polar fluids, and it is shown that it might significantly influence the drop deformation. Calculated and analytically predicted drop deformations were close or comparable even up to around 0.25, what is significantly higher and different from a previous study made by other authors. Different expressions for the electric permittivity and usage of limiters for volume fractions were investigated. Conclusions from this paper can be transferred to more complicated models

The effect of a plasma needle on bacteria in planktonic samples and on peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells

In this paper, we study the application of a plasma needle to induce necrosis in planktonic samples containing a single breed of bacteria. Two different types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), were covered in this study. In all experiments with bacteria, the samples were liquid suspensions of several different concentrations of bacteria prepared according to the McFarland standard. The second system studied in this paper was human peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells (hPB-MSC). In the case of hPB-MSC, two sets of experiments were performed: when cells were covered with a certain amount of liquid (indirect) and when the cell sample was in direct contact with the plasma. Most importantly, the study is made with the aim to see the effects when the living cells are in a liquid medium, which normally acts as protection against the many agents that may be released by plasmas. It was found that a good effect may be expected for a wide range of initial cell densities and operating conditions causing destruction of several orders of magnitude even under the protection of a liquid. It was established independently that a temperature increase could not affect the cells under the conditions of our experiment, so the effect could those hPB-MSC that were not protected by a liquid, gas flow proved to produce a considerable effect, presumably due to poor adhesion of the cells, but in a liquid the effect was only due to the plasma. Further optimization of the operation may be attempted, opening up the possibility of localized in vivo sterilization

Freeze versus Spray Drying for Dry Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract Formulations: The Impact of Gelatin as a Coating Material

Freeze drying was compared with spray drying regarding feasibility to process wild thyme drug in order to obtain dry formulations at laboratory scale starting from liquid extracts produced by different extraction methods: maceration, heat-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extractions. Higher powder yield (based on the dry weight prior to extraction) was achieved by freeze than spray drying and lower loss of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) due to the drying process. Gelatin as a coating agent (5% w/w) provided better TPC recovery by 70% in case of lyophilization and higher powder yield in case of spray drying by diminishing material deposition on the wall of the drying chamber. The resulting gelatin-free and gelatin-containing powders carried polyphenols in amount ~190 and 53-75 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of powder, respectively. Microwave-assisted extract formulation distinguished from others by higher content of polyphenols, proteins and sugars, higher bulk density and lower solubility. The type of the drying process affected mainly position of the gelatin-derived -OH and amide bands in FTIR spectra. Spray dried formulations compared to freeze dried expressed higher thermal stability as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and higher diffusion coefficient; the last feature can be associated with the lower specific surface area of irregularly shaped freeze-dried particles (151-223 µm) compared to small microspheres (~8 µm) in spray-dried powder.Preprint: [10.20944/preprints202105.0358.v1

Freeze vs. Spray Drying for Dry Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract Formulations: The Impact of Gelatin as a Coating Material

Freeze drying was compared with spray drying regarding feasibility to process wild thyme drugs in order to obtain dry formulations at laboratory scale starting from liquid extracts produced by different extraction methods: maceration and heat-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extractions. Higher total powder yield (based on the dry weight prior to extraction) was achieved by freeze than spray drying and lower loss of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) due to the drying process. Gelatin as a coating agent (5% w/w) provided better TPC recovery by 70% in case of lyophilization and higher total powder yield in case of spray drying by diminishing material deposition on the wall of the drying chamber. The resulting gelatin-free and gelatin-containing powders carried polyphenols in amount ~190 and 53-75 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of powder, respectively. Microwave-assisted extract formulation was distinguished from the others by a higher content of polyphenols, proteins and sugars, higher bulk density and lower solubility. The type of the drying process mainly affected the position of the gelatin-derived -OH and amide bands in FTIR spectra. Spray-dried formulations compared to freeze-dried expressed higher thermal stability as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and a higher diffusion coefficient; the last feature can be associated with the lower specific surface area of irregularly shaped freeze-dried particles (151-223 µm) compared to small microspheres (~8 µm) in spray-dried powder

Using electric current to surpass the microstructure breakup limit

The elongated droplets and grains can break up into smaller ones. This process is driven by the interfacial free energy minimization, which gives rise to a breakup limit. We demonstrated in this work that the breakup limit can be overpassed drastically by using electric current to interfere. Electric current free energy is dependent on the microstructure configuration. The breakup causes the electric current free energy to reduce in some cases. This compensates the increment of interfacial free energy during breaking up and enables the processing to achieve finer microstructure. With engineering practical electric current parameters, our calculation revealed a significant increment of the obtainable number of particles, showing electric current a powerful microstructure refinement technology. The calculation is validated by our experiments on the breakup of Fe3C-plates in Fe matrix. Furthermore, there is a parameter range that electric current can drive spherical particles to split into smaller ones