33 research outputs found
Soil moisture - atmosphere interaction and extreme hydrological conditions
Dolman, A.J. [Promotor
Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years
Evaporation is a key parameter in the regional atmospheric water cycle. Precipitation recycling is defined as the contribution of water that evaporates from a region to precipitation within the same region. We apply a dynamic precipitation recycling model, which includes a dynamic moisture storage term, to calculate the warm season variability of the precipitation recycling over central Europe at a daily time scale for 2003 (dry) and 2006 (wet). <br><br> For the central part of Europe advection is the most important contributor to precipitation. In dry spells in both years 2003 and 2006, when moisture of advective origin diminishes, local evaporation becomes an important contributor to precipitation (negative feedback). In two dry periods (June 2003 and July 2006) where there is enough moisture storage in the soil to continue evaporation, precipitation recycling is enhanced. In case studies we follow the path of an air column for days with high precipitation recycling to discuss the role of moisture recycling in land-atmosphere interactions. For 2 days with enough moisture availability (28 May 2003 and 5 July 2006) moisture particles stay long in the study area due to weak winds. By following the paths we show that the air is transported over land for a very long distance before it precipitates. It thus takes a considerable amount of time to traverse the region and capture moisture of evaporative origin. However, we hypothesize that the precipitation falling on those days still originates (partly) from oceanic sources, but that the triggering of precipitation may itself be a result of enhanced instability induced by soils, which still have sufficient moisture storage. In dry periods with enough moisture available precipitation recycling acts as a mechanism to keep the precipitation at a stable level. <br><br> In August 2003 evaporation is affecting the precipitation recycling due to the lack of water availability caused by the dryness of the preceding spring and summer season. According to a Granger Causality test the evaporation in 2003 exerts the strongest causal impact on the precipitation recycling ratio. For the case study of 10 August 2003, the atmosphere is too dry to generate precipitation with exception of the mountainous regions due to orographical lifting
Estimating Regionalized Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change Over Europe by Performance-Based Weighting of CORDEX Projections
Ensemble projections of future changes in discharge over Europe show large variation. Several methods for performance-based weighting exist that have the potential to increase the robustness of the change signal. Here we use future projections of an ensemble of three hydrological models forced with climate datasets from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment - European Domain (EURO-CORDEX). The experiment is set-up for nine river basins spread over Europe that hold different climate and catchment characteristics. We evaluate the ensemble consistency and apply two weighting approaches; the Climate model Weighting by Independence and Performance (ClimWIP) that focuses on meteorological variables and the Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) in our study applied to discharge statistics per basin. For basins with a strong climate signal, in Southern and Northern Europe, the consistency in the set of projections is large. For rivers in Central Europe the differences between models become more pronounced. Both weighting approaches assign high weights to single General Circulation Models (GCMs). The ClimWIP method results in ensemble mean weighted changes that differ only slightly from the non-weighted mean. The REA method influences the weighted mean more, but the weights highly vary from basin to basin. We see that high weights obtained through past good performance can provide deviating projections for the future. It is not apparent that the GCM signal dominates the overall change signal, i.e., there is no strong intra GCM consistency. However, both weighting methods favored projections from the same GCM
Incorporating hydrology into climate suitability models changes projections of malaria transmission in Africa
Continental-scale models of malaria climate suitability typically couple well-established temperature-response models with basic estimates of vector habitat availability using rainfall as a proxy. Here we show that across continental Africa, the estimated geographic range of climatic suitability for malaria transmission is more sensitive to the precipitation threshold than the thermal response curve applied. To address this problem we use downscaled daily climate predictions from seven GCMs to run a continental-scale hydrological model for a process-based representation of mosquito breeding habitat availability. A more complex pattern of malaria suitability emerges as water is routed through drainage networks and river corridors serve as year-round transmission foci. The estimated hydro-climatically suitable area for stable malaria transmission is smaller than previous models suggest and shows only a very small increase in state-of-the-art future climate scenarios. However, bigger geographical shifts are observed than with most rainfall threshold models and the pattern of that shift is very different when using a hydrological model to estimate surface water availability for vector breeding
ACER: developing Adaptive Capacity to Extreme events in the Rhine basin
Het algemene doel van het ACER project is om de gevolgen van klimaatverandering en adaptatie strategieën te onderzoeken voor het Rijnstroomgebied, zowel grensoverschrijdend in Duitsland en Frankrijk als voor het regionale waterbeheer in Nederland. ACER gebruikt een scenario analyse om effecten en oplossing te analyseren en vergelijken, onder de veronderstelling van verschillende klimaatverandering en sociaal-economische scenario’s voor 2050. Aan de basis van deze scenario aanpak staat een internationale groep van belanghebbenden en waterbeheerders uit verschillende bestuurslagen in het Rijnstroomgebied. Het is de vraag of de maatregelen die momenteel stroomopwaarts in Duitsland worden uitgevoerd positieve of negatieve effecten op de piekavoeren benedenstrooms hebbe
A global lake and reservoir volume analysis using a surface water dataset and satellite altimetry
Lakes and reservoirs are crucial elements of the
hydrological and biochemical cycle and are a valuable resource for
hydropower, domestic and industrial water use, and irrigation. Although their
monitoring is crucial in times of increased pressure on water resources by
both climate change and human interventions, publically available datasets of
lake and reservoir levels and volumes are scarce. Within this study, a time
series of variation in lake and reservoir volume between 1984 and 2015 were
analysed for 137Â lakes over all continents by combining the JRC Global
Surface Water (GSW) dataset and the satellite altimetry database DAHITI. The
GSW dataset is a highly accurate surface water dataset at 30 m resolution
compromising the whole L1T Landsat 5, 7 and 8 archive, which allowed for
detailed lake area calculations globally over a very long time period using
Google Earth Engine. Therefore, the estimates in water volume fluctuations
using the GSW dataset are expected to improve compared to current techniques
as they are not constrained by complex and computationally intensive
classification procedures. Lake areas and water levels were combined in a
regression to derive the hypsometry relationship (dh ∕ dA) for all
lakes. Nearly all lakes showed a linear regression, and 42 % of the lakes
showed a strong linear relationship with a R2 > 0.8, an
average R2 of 0.91 and a standard deviation of 0.05. For these lakes and
for lakes with a nearly constant lake area (coefficient of variation
< 0.008), volume variations were calculated. Lakes with a poor
linear relationship were not considered. Reasons for low R2 values were
found to be (1)Â a nearly constant lake area, (2)Â winter ice coverage and
(3)Â a predominant lack of data within the GSW dataset for those lakes. Lake
volume estimates were validated for 18 lakes in the US, Spain, Australia and
Africa using in situ volume time series, and gave an excellent Pearson
correlation coefficient of on average 0.97 with a standard deviation of
0.041, and a normalized RMSE of 7.42 %. These results show a high
potential for measuring lake volume dynamics using a pre-classified GSW
dataset, which easily allows the method to be scaled up to an extensive
global volumetric dataset. This dataset will not only provide a historical
lake and reservoir volume variation record, but will also help to improve our
understanding of the behaviour of lakes and reservoirs and their
representation in (large-scale) hydrological models.</p
Position Paper on Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus and Sustainable development Goals (SDGs)
The EU and the international community is realising that the Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem components are interlinked and require a joint planning in order to meet the daunting global challenges related to Water, Energy and Food security and maintaining the ecosystem health and in this way, reach the SDGs. If not dealt with, the world will not be able to meet the demand for water, energy and food in a not too far future and, in any case, in a not sustainable way. The strain on the ecosystems resulting from unsustainable single-sector planning will lead to increasing poverty, inequality and instability.
The Nexus approach is fully aligned with and supportive of the EU Consensus on Development. Key elements of the Consensus will require collaborative efforts across sectors in ways that can be supported/implemented by a Nexus approach. In this way, transparent and accountable decision-making, involving the civil society is key and common to the European Consensus on Development and the Nexus approach.
The Nexus approach will support the implementation of the SDG in particular SDG 2 (Food), SDG 6 (Water) and SDG 7 (Energy), but most SDGs have elements that link to food, water and energy in one or other way, and will benefit from a Nexus approach. The SDGs are designed to be cross-cutting and be implemented together, which is also reflected in a WEFE Nexus approach.
A Nexus approach offers a sustainable way of addressing the effects of Climate Change and increase resilience. The WEFE Nexus has in it the main drivers of climate change (water, energy and food security) and the main affected sectors (water and the environment). Decisions around policy, infrastructure, … developed based on the WEFE Nexus assessments will be suitable as elements of climate change mitigation and adaptation. In fact, it is difficult to imagine solutions to the climate change issue that are not built on a form of Nexus approach.
The Nexus approach is being implemented around the world, as examples in the literature demonstrate. These examples together with more examples from EU and member state development cooperation will help build experience that can be consolidated and become an important contribution to a Toolkit for WEFE Nexus Implementation. From the expert discussions, it appears that because of the novelty of the approach, a Toolkit will be an important element in getting the Nexus approach widely used. This should build on experiences from practical examples of NEXUS projects or similar inter-sectorial collaboration projects; and, there are already policy, regulation and practical experience to allow institutions and countries to start applying the Nexus concept.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource
Precipitation Recycling: Moisture Sources over Europe using ERA-40 Data
Atmospheric moisture within a region is supplied by both local evaporation and advected from external sources. The contribution of local evaporation in a region to the precipitation in the same region is defined as "precipitation recycling." Precipitation recycling helps in defining the role of land-atmosphere interactions in regional climate. A dynamic precipitation recycling model, which includes the moisture storage term, has been applied to calculate summer variability of the precipitation recycling over Europe based on 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Time series for three subregions in Europe (central Europe, the Balkans, and Spain) are obtained to analyze the variability in recycling and to compare the potential in the subregions for interactions between land surface and atmospheric processes. In addition, the recycled precipitation and recycling ratios are linked to several components of the water vapor balance equation [precipitation, evaporation, precipitation minus evaporation (P - E), and moisture transport]. It is found that precipitation recycling is large in dry summers for central Europe, while the opposite is true for the Balkans. Large precipitation recycling is determined in relation with weak moisture transport and high evaporation rates in central Europe. This occurs for dry summers. For the Balkans, precipitation recycling is large in wet summers when moisture transport is weak, and P - E and evaporation are large. Here, the recycling process intensifies the hydrological cycle due to a positive feedback via convective precipitation and therefore the amount of recycled precipitation is larger. For Spain, recycling is also larger when moisture transport is weak, but other correlations are not found. For regions such as central Europe in dry summers and the Balkans in wet summers, which are susceptible to land-atmosphere interactions, future climate and/or land use can have an impact on the regional climate conditions due to changes in evaporation. © 2008 American Meteorological Society
A pan-African medium-range ensemble flood forecast system
The <i>African Flood Forecasting System</i> (AFFS) is a probabilistic flood
forecast system for medium- to large-scale African river basins, with lead
times of up to 15 days. The key components are the hydrological model
LISFLOOD, the African GIS database, the meteorological ensemble predictions
by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Ranged Weather Forecasts) and
critical hydrological thresholds. In this paper, the predictive capability is
investigated in a hindcast mode, by reproducing hydrological predictions for
the year 2003 when important floods were observed. Results were verified by
ground measurements of 36 sub-catchments as well as by reports of various
flood archives. Results showed that AFFS detected around 70 % of the
reported flood events correctly. In particular, the system showed good
performance in predicting riverine flood events of long duration
(> 1 week) and large affected areas (> 10 000 km<sup>2</sup>) well in
advance, whereas AFFS showed limitations for small-scale and short duration
flood events. The case study for the flood event in March 2003 in the Sabi
Basin (Zimbabwe) illustrated the good performance of AFFS in forecasting
timing and severity of the floods, gave an example of the clear and concise
output products, and showed that the system is capable of producing flood
warnings even in ungauged river basins. Hence, from a technical perspective,
AFFS shows a large potential as an operational pan-African flood forecasting
system, although issues related to the practical implication will still need
to be investigated