The Diffusion of Humans and Cultures in the Course of the Spread of Farming

The most profound change in the relationship between humans and their environment was the introduction of agriculture and pastoralism. [....] For an understanding of the expansion process, it appears appropriate to apply a diffusive model. Broadly, these numerical modeling approaches can be catego- rized in correlative, continuous and discrete. Common to all approaches is the comparison to collections of radiocarbon data that show the apparent wave of advance of the transition to farming. However, these data sets differ in entry density and data quality. Often they disregard local and regional specifics and research gaps, or dating uncertainties. Thus, most of these data bases may only be used on a very general, broad scale. One of the pitfalls of using irregularly spaced or irregularly documented radiocarbon data becomes evident from the map generated by Fort (this volume, Chapter 16): while the general east-west and south-north trends become evident, some areas appear as having undergone anomalously early transitions to farming. This may be due to faulty entries into the data base or regional problems with radiocarbon dating, if not unnoticed or undocumented laboratory mistakes.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Diffusive Spreading in Nature, Technology and Society, edited by Armin Bunde, J\"urgen Caro, J\"org K\"arger, Gero Vogl, Chapter 1

A New Technique for Direction of Arrival Estimation for Ionospheric Multipath Channels

A novel array signal processing technique is proposed to estimate HF channel parameters including number of paths, their respective direction of arrivals (DOA), delays, Doppler shifts and amplitudes. The proposed technique utilizes the Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF), hence, called as the CAF-DF technique. The CAF-DF technique iteratively processes the array output data and provides reliable estimates for DOA, delay, Doppler shift and amplitude corresponding to each impinging HF propagated wave onto an antenna array. Obtained results for both real and simulated data at different signal to noise ratio (SNR) values indicate the superior performance of the proposed technique over the well known MUltiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) technique. (C) 2009 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Wo

An amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) from Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1: biochemical characterization and its potential industrial applications

PubMedID: 30620883An amylopullulanase was produced by Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1. The optimum enzyme production occurred at 45°C and pH 7.0 (12 hr). NP1 amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) exhibited the maximal activity at 50°C and pH 6.0 and was stable between 30–50°C, and pH 3.0–12.0 for 24 hr. The enzyme showed two bands with molecular weights of 112 and 107 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amylopullulanase retained 100% of its activity in the presence of 10 mM of Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , EDTA, and PMSF. While the enzyme showed resistance to 5% of TritonX-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80, the activity was inhibited by 5% ß-mercaptoethanol and H 2 O 2 . While the hydrolysis products of pullulan were maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin, the starch was hydrolyzed to maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin units. This shows that NP1 pullulanase is a type II pullulanase (amylopullulanase). After the liquefaction assay, 12% glucose content was measured with a refractometer in the presence of 20% starch. According to the wash performance tests, the mixture of ApuNP1 and 1% detergent removed almost all of the stains. This novel thermo-acidic amylopullulanase has a potency to be used in detergent, starch, food, baking, textile, and cosmetic industries. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis

Isolation and characterization of a cold-active, alkaline, detergent stable ?-amylase from a novel bacterium Bacillus subtilis N8

PubMedID: 29561221A cold-active alkaline amylase producer Bacillus subtilis N8 was isolated from soil samples. Amylase synthesis optimally occurred at 15°C and pH 10.0 on agar plates containing starch. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 205 kDa by performing SDS-PAGE. While the enzyme exhibited the highest activity at 25°C and pH 8.0, it was highly stable in alkaline media (pH 8.0–12.0) and retained 96% of its original activity at low temperatures (10–40°C) for 24 hr. While the amylase activity increased in the presence of ß-mercaptoethanol (103%); Ba2+, Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+, Mn2+, H2O2, and Triton X-100 slightly inhibited the activity. The enzyme showed resistance to some denaturants: such as SDS, EDTA, and urea (52, 65, and 42%, respectively). N8 ?-amylase displayed the maximum remaining activity of 56% with 3% NaCl. The major final products of starch were glucose, maltose, and maltose-derived oligosaccharides. This novel cold-active ?-amylase has the potential to be used in the industries of detergent and food, bioremediation process and production of prebiotics. © 2018 Taylor & Francis

Histochemical and biometric study of the gastrointestinal system of Hyla orientalis (Bedriaga, 1890) (Anura, Hylidae)

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the localization of hyaluronic acid (HA) and the distribution of glycoproteins in the gastrointestinal system of adult Hyla orientalis

In Vitro Activity Of Caspofungin Compared To Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, And Itraconazole Against Candida Strains Isolated In A Turkish University Hospital

We investigated the in vitro activity of caspofungin compared to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against clinical strains of Candida spp. ( n = 239). Antifungal susceptibility tests were done in accordance with NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method and the results were read after 24 and 48 h. In general, 24 h MIC readings were similar to those at 48 h for most isolates and all antifungal agents. Caspofungin was active against all species tested. Caspofungin MICs of Candida parapsilosis were slightly higher than those for other Candida spp. Caspofungin MIC (mu g/ml) ranges at 24 h for C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. norvegensis, C. guilliermondii and C. lipolytica were 0.06 - 2, 0.125 - 2, 0.125 - 2, 1 - 4, 0.125 - 2, 1 - 2, 0.5 - 2, 0.5 - 1, 0.5 - 2 and 1 - 2, respectively. Eagle ( paradoxical) effect was observed in 31 and 8% of the isolates at highest concentrations of caspofungin and itraconazole, respectively. The activity of caspofungin against fluconazole- and/or itraconazole-resistant isolates was similar to that detected for the susceptible ones. We conclude that caspofungin appears as a promising antifungal agent with enhanced activity against Candida, including the azole-resistant strains.WoSScopu

MIMIC, SIBTEST, Lojistik Regresyon ve Mantel-Haenszel Yöntemleriyle Gerçekleştirilen DMF ve Yanlılık Çalışması

Scopu