Silage From Intercropping Of Maize With Common Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) As Roughage For Fattening Pigs

Maize silage is a high-energy roughage that can be fed to fattening pigs to provide both employment and additional nutrients. Intercropping of maize with common beans was tested to produce a roughage higher in protein, but was still found to contain considerably less protein than grass-clover silage, which is frequently fed to pigs. In a fattening trial with 144 pigs, maize-bean silage was compared to grass-clover as roughage. Although silage consumption in early fattening was lower when maize-bean silage was fed, neither fattening nor slaughter performance differed. So maize-bean silage as roughage was equally efficient as grass-clover silage, but did not show nutritional benefits

Untersuchungen zur exemplarischen Implementierung einer nachhaltigen Ebermast auf der Landwirtschafts-, Schlacht- und Verarbeitungsstufe im ökologischen Landbau (Verbundvorhaben)

Das hier beschriebene Verbundvorhaben umfasst folgende Teilprojekte: FKZ 11OE143, FKZ 11OE144 Die im vorliegenden Endbericht dargestellte Projektphase (04/2018 bis 05/2020) hatte zum Ziel, ein frühes Impfregime gegen Ebergeruch hinsichtlich seiner Praktikabilität, Zuverlässigkeit und Auswirkungen auf die Fleisch- und Fettbeschaffenheit zu überprüfen. Zudem wurde die Akzeptanz des Verfahrens bei einer ökologisch fokussierten Käuferschicht ergründet. Das frühe Impfregime in der dritten und siebten Lebenswoche konnte gut in die üblichen Arbeitsabläufe von Impfungen (Woche 3) bzw. das Absetzen (Woche 7) integriert werden. Die Mast- und Schlachtleistung der Tiere wurde nicht vom Impfregime beeinflusst und bewegte sich in praxisüblichen Größenordnungen. Im Verhalten der Tiere und der Anzahl der durch aggressive Auseinandersetzungen verursachten Verletzungen gab es keine Auffälligkeiten. Basierend auf histologischen Untersuchungen der Hoden wurden alle Tiere als fortpflanzungsunfähig eingestuft, jedoch waren die im Schlachtblut gemessenen Testosteronwerte bei frühem Impfregime deutlich höher als bei herkömmlicher Impfung. Die Androstenon- und Skatolgehalte als Leitsubstanzen des Ebergeruchs zeigten bei frühem Impfregime sowohl höhere Durchschnittswerte als auch eine deutlich größere Streuung, Geruchsabweichungen konnten also weniger zuverlässig vermieden werden als bei herkömmlicher Impfung. Nennenswerte Unterschieden in der Fleisch- und Fettbeschaffenheit gab es nicht. Die durchgeführten Studien zur Verarbeitung von Fleisch mit Geruchsabweichungen zeigen, dass bis zu 30 % stark geruchsabweichendes Eberfleisch zu sensorisch akzeptablen Produkten genutzt werden kann, so dass eine pauschale Untauglichmachung von Eberschlachtkörpern mit Geruchsabweichungen im Rahmen der amtlichen Schlachttier- und Fleischuntersuchung weder gerechtfertigt noch notwendig ist. Die online Studie belegt, dass die Bio-Verwenderschaft die getesteten Konzepte nicht grundsätzlich anders beurteilt als die konventionelle Verwenderschaft, so dass es keiner anderen Kommunikationsstrategie bedarf

Four-And-A-Half LIM-Domain Protein 2 (FHL2) Deficiency Aggravates Cholestatic Liver Injury

Cholestasis occurs in different clinical circumstances and leads to severe hepatic disorders. The four-and-a-half LIM-domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a scaffolding protein that modulates multiple signal transduction pathways in a tissue- and cell context-specific manner. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the function of FHL2 in cholestatic liver injury. FHL2 expression was significantly increased in the bile duct ligation (BDL) model in mice. In Fhl2-deficient (Fhl2-ko) mice, BDL caused a more severe portal and parenchymal inflammation, extended portal fibrosis, higher serum transaminase levels, and higher pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic gene expression compared to wild type (wt) mice. FHL2 depletion in HepG2 cells with siRNA resulted in a higher expression of the bile acid transporter Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) gene. Furthermore, FHL2-depleted HepG2 cells showed higher expression of markers for oxidative stress, lower B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression, and higher Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX) expression after stimulation with deoxycholic acid (DCA). In hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), FHL2 depletion caused an increased expression of TGF-beta and several pro-fibrogenic matrix metalloproteinases. In summary, our study shows that deficiency in FHL2 aggravates cholestatic liver injury and suggests FHL2-mediated effects on bile acid metabolisms and HSCs as potential mechanisms for pronounced hepatocellular injury and fibrosis

Decreasing hospital mortality between 1994 and 1998 in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty but not in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis Results from the pooled data of the maximal individual therapy in acute myocardial infarction (MITRA) registry and the myocardial infarction registry (MIR)

AbstractOBJECTIVESWe investigated changes in the clinical outcome of primary angioplasty and thrombolysis for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1994 to 1998.BACKGROUNDPrimary angioplasty for the treatment of AMI is a sophisticated technical procedure that requires experienced personnel and optimized hospital logistics. Growing experience with primary angioplasty in clinical routine and new adjunctive therapies may have improved the outcome over the years.METHODSThe pooled data of two German AMI registries: the Maximal Individual Therapy in AMI (MITRA) study and the Myocardial Infarction Registry (MIR) were analyzed.RESULTSOf 10,118 lytic eligible patients with AMI, 1,385 (13.7%) were treated with primary angioplasty, and 8,733 (86.3%) received intravenous thrombolysis. Patients characteristics were quite balanced between the two treatment groups, but there was a higher proportion of patients with a prehospital delay of >6 h in those treated with primary angioplasty. The proportion of an in-hospital delay of more than 90 min significantly decreased in patients treated with primary angioplasty over the years (p for trend = 0.015, multivariate odds ratio [OR] for each year of the observation period = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73– 0.96) but did not change significantly in patients treated with thrombolysis. Hospital mortality decreased significantly in the primary angioplasty group (p = 0.003 for trend; multivariate OR for each year = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58– 0.93). However, for patients treated with thrombolysis, hospital mortality did not change significantly (p for trend 0.175, multivariate OR for each year: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.94– 1.11).CONCLUSIONSCompared with thrombolysis the clinical results of primary angioplasty for the treatment of AMI improved from 1994 to 1998. This indicates a beneficial effect of the growing experience and optimized hospital logistics of this technique over the years

Endolysosomal pathway activity protects cells from neurotoxic TDP-43

The accumulation of protein aggregates in neurons is a typical pathological hallmark of the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In many cases, these aggregates are composed of the 43 kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP‑43). Using a yeast model for TDP‑43 proteinopathies, we observed that the vacuole (the yeast equivalent of lysosomes) markedly contributed to the degradation of TDP‑43. This clearance occurred via TDP‑43-containing vesicles fusing with the vacuole through the concerted action of the endosomal-vacuolar (or endolysosomal) pathway and autophagy. In line with its dominant role in the clearance of TDP‑43, endosomal-vacuolar pathway activity protected cells from the detrimental effects of TDP‑43. In contrast, enhanced autophagy contributed to TDP‑43 cytotoxicity, despite being involved in TDP‑43 degradation. TDP‑43’s interference with endosomal-vacuolar pathway activity may have two deleterious consequences. First, it interferes with its own degradation via this pathway, resulting in TDP‑43 accumulation. Second, it affects vacuolar proteolytic activity, which requires endosomal-vacuolar trafficking. We speculate that the latter contributes to aberrant autophagy. In sum, we propose that ameliorating endolysosomal pathway activity enhances cell survival in TDP‑43-associated diseases

Guidelines and Recommendations on Yeast Cell Death Nomenclature

Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cellular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the definition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death routines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the authors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the progress of this vibrant field of research

Comparative genomics reveals diversity among xanthomonads infecting tomato and pepper

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper is caused by four <it>Xanthomonas </it>species and is a major plant disease in warm humid climates. The four species are distinct from each other based on physiological and molecular characteristics. The genome sequence of strain 85-10, a member of one of the species, <it>Xanthomonas euvesicatoria </it>(<it>Xcv</it>) has been previously reported. To determine the relationship of the four species at the genome level and to investigate the molecular basis of their virulence and differing host ranges, draft genomic sequences of members of the other three species were determined and compared to strain 85-10.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We sequenced the genomes of <it>X. vesicatoria </it>(<it>Xv</it>) strain 1111 (ATCC 35937), <it>X. perforans </it>(<it>Xp</it>) strain 91-118 and <it>X. gardneri </it>(<it>Xg</it>) strain 101 (ATCC 19865). The genomes were compared with each other and with the previously sequenced <it>Xcv </it>strain 85-10. In addition, the molecular features were predicted that may be required for pathogenicity including the type III secretion apparatus, type III effectors, other secretion systems, quorum sensing systems, adhesins, extracellular polysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide determinants. Several novel type III effectors from <it>Xg </it>strain 101 and <it>Xv </it>strain 1111 genomes were computationally identified and their translocation was validated using a reporter gene assay. A homolog to Ax21, the elicitor of XA21-mediated resistance in rice, and a functional Ax21 sulfation system were identified in <it>Xcv</it>. Genes encoding proteins with functions mediated by type II and type IV secretion systems have also been compared, including enzymes involved in cell wall deconstruction, as contributors to pathogenicity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Comparative genomic analyses revealed considerable diversity among bacterial spot pathogens, providing new insights into differences and similarities that may explain the diverse nature of these strains. Genes specific to pepper pathogens, such as the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide cluster, and genes unique to individual strains, such as novel type III effectors and bacteriocin genes, have been identified providing new clues for our understanding of pathogen virulence, aggressiveness, and host preference. These analyses will aid in efforts towards breeding for broad and durable resistance in economically important tomato and pepper cultivars.</p

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S