Extraction d'un réseau social criminel par transformation d'un graphe d'enquête multivarié

L'analyse des réseaux sociaux que constituent les organisations criminelles permet de capitaliser des connaissances sur leurs structures pour faciliter la détection de leurs acteurs essentiels. Cependant, les actes d'enquêtes établissent des liens de différentes natures (par ex. géolocalisation, propriété) entre différents types d'entités (par ex. personnes, lieux, véhicules). Ainsi se pose le défi d'extraire du graphe d'enquête multivarié un réseau social en considérant l'ensemble des informations à disposition. Il sera alors possible d'effectuer des analyses structurelles basées sur les mesures de centralité, appuyant l'identification des acteurs clés du réseau. Cet article propose une méthode d'extraction d'un réseau social à partir d'un tel graphe multivarié, les variables attachées aux sommets et arêtes du graphe multivarié étant prises en compte pour quantifier la vraisemblance des liens induits dans le réseau social.Analysis of social networks constituted by criminal organizations can capitalize on knowl-edge about their structures to facilitate the detection of their key actors. However, investigativeacts establish links of different natures (e.g., geolocation, ownership) between different typesof entities (e.g., people, places, vehicles). Thus arises the challenge of extracting the socialnetwork from the multivariate investigation graph by considering all available information. Itis then be possible to perform structural analyses based on centrality measures, supporting theidentification of key actors in the network. This paper proposes a method for extracting a socialnetwork from such a multivariate graph, the variables attached to the nodes and edges of themultivariate graph being taken into account to quantify the likelihood of the links induced inthe social network

À la recherche de l'effectivité des droits de l'homme

Le champ des droits de l’homme est certainement l’un de ceux où l’écart entre l’existence de la norme et la réalité de son application est le plus grand, et dont les effets sont au quotidien les plus ressentis. On comprend alors que la question de l’effectivité soit au cœur des réflexions sur les droits de l’homme. Cette question comporte indéniablement une dimension théorique : comment distinguer les notions d’effectivité, d’efficacité ou de validité de la norme ? Comment penser le passage du devoir être : la formulation du droit - à l’être : la jouissance du droit par les individus ? Par quels mécanismes, juridiques ou autres, assurer l’effectivité du droit ? On pressent néanmoins que la résolution de ces questions ne peut faire l’économie d’une mise à l’épreuve pratique. Les études de cas montrent ainsi que l’effectivité n’est pas gage d’efficacité et qu’inversement la recherche de l’efficacité d’un système juridictionnel ne garantit pas le respect des droits individuels. De même, les préoccupations d’efficience peuvent entraver aussi bien l’effectivité des droits que l’efficacité des politiques législatives. Les mêmes constats en demi-teinte caractérisent l’analyse des mécanismes destinés à assurer l’effectivité des droits de l’homme. Aucun dispositif juridique - pas même le juge pourtant considéré comme le garant par excellence des droits et libertés -, aucun levier économique ou aucune politique publique n’offre de solution imparable. C’est alors vers leurs articulations, elles-mêmes problématiques parce qu’oscillant entre complémentarité et concurrence, que la réflexion mérite d’être portée. Sur ce point comme sur d’autres, les droits de l’homme apparaissent comme un laboratoire d’analyse particulièrement fécond pour les sciences juridiques et sociales

The priming effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study

International audienceAbstract Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, due to response delay and cognitive impairment, ECT remains an imperfect treatment. Compared to ECT, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is less effective at treating severe depression, but has the advantage of being quick, easy to use, and producing almost no side effects. In this study, our objective was to assess the priming effect of rTMS sessions before ECT on clinical response in patients with TRD. Methods In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 56 patients with TRD were assigned to active or sham rTMS before ECT treatment. Five sessions of active/sham neuronavigated rTMS were administered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (20 Hz, 90% resting motor threshold, 20 2 s trains with 60-s intervals, 800 pulses/session) before ECT (which was active for all patients) started. Any relative improvements were then compared between both groups after five ECT sessions, in order to assess the early response to treatment. Results After ECT, the active rTMS group exhibited a significantly greater relative improvement than the sham group [43.4% (28.6%) v. 25.4% (17.2%)]. The responder rate in the active group was at least three times higher. Cognitive complaints, which were assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, were higher in the sham rTMS group compared to the active rTMS group, but this difference was not corroborated by cognitive tests. Conclusions rTMS could be used to enhance the efficacy of ECT in patients with TRD. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02830399

Factors Associated With Short-term Relapse in Patients With Pemphigus Who Receive Rituximab as First-line Therapy

International audienceImportance: Rituximab and short-term corticosteroid therapy are the criterion standard treatments for patients with newly diagnosed moderate to severe pemphigus.Objective: To examine factors associated with short-term relapse in patients with pemphigus treated with rituximab.Design, setting, and participants: This post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial (Comparison Between Rituximab Treatment and Oral Corticosteroid Treatment in Patients With Pemphigus [RITUX 3]) conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, included patients from 20 dermatology departments of tertiary care centers in France from the RITUX 3 trial and 3 newly diagnosed patients treated according to the trial protocol. Data analysis was performed from February 1 to June 30, 2019.Exposure: Patients randomly assigned to the rituximab group in the RITUX 3 trial and the 3 additional patients were treated with 1000 mg of intravenous rituximab on days 0 and 14 and 500 mg at months 12 and 18 combined with a short-term prednisone regimen.Main outcomes and measures: Baseline (pretreatment) clinical and biological characteristics (Pemphigus Disease Area Index [PDAI] score, ranging from 0-250 points, with higher values indicating more severe disease) and changes in anti-desmoglein (DSG) 1 and anti-DSG3 values as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during the 3 months after rituximab treatment were compared between patients with disease relapse and those who maintained clinical remission during the first 12 months after treatment. The positive and negative predictive values of these factors were calculated.Results: Among 47 patients (mean [SD] age, 54.3 [17.0] years; 17 [36%] male and 30 [64%] female) included in the study, the mean (SD) baseline PDAI score for patients with relapsing disease was higher than that of the patients with nonrelapsing disease (54 [33] vs 28 [24]; P = .03). At month 3, 7 of 11 patients with relapsing disease (64%) vs 7 of 36 patients with nonrelapsing disease (19%) had persistent anti-DSG1 antibody values of 20 IU/mL or higher and/or anti-DSG3 antibody values of 130 IU/mL or higher (P = .01). A PDAI score of 45 or higher defining severe pemphigus and/or persistent anti-DSG1 antibody values of 20 IU/mL or higher and/or anti-DSG3 antibody values of 130 IU/mL or higher at month 3 provided a positive predictive value of 50% (95% CI, 27%-73%) and a negative predictive value of 94% (95% CI, 73%-100%) for the occurrence of relapse after rituximab.Conclusions and relevance: The findings suggest that initial PDAI score and changes in anti-DSG antibody values after the initial cycle of rituximab might help differentiate a subgroup of patients with high risk of relapse who might benefit from maintenance rituximab infusion at month 6 from a subgroup of patients with low risk of relapse who do not need early maintenance therapy.Trial registration: NCT00784589