El comercio de los Puertos del Condado en 1502 : el testimonio del almojarifazgo

El artículo analiza los datos fiscales de los puertos del Condado durante 1502 y los pone en relación con los generales del almojarifazgo mayor de Sevilla. La documentación que sirve de base para el mismo es de carácter excepcional, pues no se limita a los valores globales y permite conocer los pormenores de dicha actividad, tanto en los aspectos económicos como humanos y técnicos. El trabajo muestra además el contexto geográfico y político de los intercambios, con especial referencia al balance entre abastecimiento y exportación, así como a la pugna entre la jurisdicción real y la señorial.__________________________________________The present article analyzes the fiscal data of Niebla County Harbours in 1502 relating them with the general ones obtained from the great Custom House, almojarifazgo, of Seville. The documents used for this study are of exceptional character, since they not only inform us about global values but also reveal details about economic, human and technical aspects. Moreover, this paper presents the geographic and political contexts for the exchanges with special reference to the balance between the supplies and the exports, as well as the struggle between the Royal and the Signorial Jurisdictions

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in feedlot cattle from Córdoba and Santa Fe, Argentina

El virus respiratorio sincicial bovino (BRSV) es uno de los agentes causantes de enfermedad respiratoria bovina a nivel mundial, conduciendo a importantes pérdidas económicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del BRSV en bovinos de engorde a corral de Argentina y estudiar los factores de riesgo asociados. Los resultados mostraron una elevada seroprevalencia individual del 78,64% (IC = 66,55-90,75%) contra el virus. Se encontró una asociación positiva entre la presencia de altos títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra BRSV y los factores de riesgo: edad del ganado, origen de los animales, presencia de signos clínicos respiratorios y el tamaño del rebaño. Este trabajo contribuye en gran medida a la comprensión de la epidemiología en los establecimientos de engorde a corral de Argentina y plantea la necesidad de revaluar las estrategias de vacunación contra este virus con el fin de controlar la infección y su impacto en la producción.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the causative agents of respiratory disease in cattle all over the world, leading to important economic losses. The aim of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of BRSV in feedlot cattle of Argentina and the risk factors associated with the disease. Results showed a high individual seroprevalence of 78.64% (95% confidence interval adjusted [CI] = 66.55–90.75%) against the virus. Positive association was found between the presence of high BRSV neutralizing antibody titers, and the following risk factors: cattle age, source of animals, presence of clinical respiratory signs and herd size. This work contributes to updating the understanding of its epidemiology in Argentinean feedlots and poses the need for reevaluating vaccination strategies against this virus in order to control infection and its impact on productivity.Fil: Ferella, Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Aguirreburualde, María Sol. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Margineda, Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juarez; ArgentinaFil: Aznar, Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Sammarruco, Ayelen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, María José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mozgovoj, Marina Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Assessment of an Aujeszky’s disease control strategy in a highly prevalent pig farm based on systematic vaccination with an inactivated gE-negative marker vaccine

Aujeszky's disease (AD) is endemic in Argentina. In 2016, an inactivated gE- negative marker Bartha K61 vaccine (AUSKIPRA® BK) was launched for use, making Argentina the only country to carry out a control strategy plan with it. In the present article, we describe the results of a control program in a farrow-to-finishing farm with high initial AD prevalence (33% in sows), based on the systematic vaccination, detection, and elimination of seropositive pigs, the replacement of sows with vaccinated gilts, and the instauration of artificial insemination. The program was suitable for diminishing the incidence and the prevalence at levels consistent with virus eradication. This situation has been sustained over time. This is the first report of AUSKIPRA® BK efficacy under field conditions.Instituto de PatobiologíaFil: Aznar, Maria Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Bessone, Fernando Aní­bal. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Segurado, Rodrigo. Veterinario privado; ArgentinaFil: Duffy, Sergio. Consultor privado; Argentin

Application of network analysis and cluster analysis for better prevention and control of swine diseases in Argentina

Rationale/background: Though much smaller than the bovine industry, the porcine sector in Argentina involves a large number of farms and represents a significant economic sector. In recent years Argentina has implemented a national registry of swine movements amongst other measures, in an effort to control and eventually eradicate endemic Aujesky’s disease. Such information can prove valuable in assessing the risk of transmission between farms for endemic diseases but also for other diseases at risk of emergence. Methods: Shipment data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed in an effort to define strategic locations and times at which control and surveillance efforts should be focused to provide cost-effective interventions. Social network analysis (SNA) was used to characterize the network as a whole and at the individual farm and market level to help identify important nodes. Spatio-temporal trends of pig movements were also analyzed. Finally, in an attempt to classify farms and markets in different groups based on their SNA metrics, we used factor analysis for mixed data (FAMD) and hierarchical clustering. Results: The network involved approximate 136,000 shipments for a total of 6 million pigs. Over 350 markets and 17,800 production units participated in shipments with another 83,500 not participating. Temporal data of shipments and network metrics showed peaks in shipments in September and October. Most shipments where within provinces, with Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Santa Fe concentrating 61% of shipments. Network analysis showed that markets are involved in relatively few shipments but hold strategic positions with much higher betweenness compared to farms. Hierarchical clustering yielded four groups based on SNA metrics and node characteristics which can be broadly described as: 1. small and backyard farms; 2. industrial farms; 3. markets; and 4. a single outlying market with extreme centrality values. Conclusion: Characterizing the network structure and spatio-temporal characteristics of Argentine swine shipments provides valuable information that can guide targeted and more cost-effective surveillance and control programs. We located key nodes where efforts should be prioritized. Pig network characteristics and patterns can be used to create dynamic disease transmission models, which can both be used in assessing the impact of emerging diseases and guiding efforts to eradicate endemic ones.Instituto de PatobiologíaFil: Baron, Jerome N. University of California Davis. School of Veterinary Medicine. Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS). Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados UnidosFil: Aznar, Maria Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Monterubbianesi, Mariela. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria de la Republica Argentina (SENASA); ArgentinaFil: Martínez-López, Beatriz. University of California Davis. School of Veterinary Medicine. Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS). Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados Unido

Aranceles de escribanos y nivel de vida en Gran Canaria (1502-1505)

El trabajo da a conocer los aranceles de escribanos y otros oficios de justicia de Gran Canaria a comienzos del siglo XVI. El análisis de los mismos se basa en su confrontación con los aranceles reales, lo que proporciona detalles de la práctica jurídica en la isla y del coste de los servicios prestados por dichos profesionales. Se estudian además los argumentos esgrimidos para mantener las tasas locales en detrimento de las generales y su relación con el nivel de vida en la isla.This paper offers the list of fees charged by scriveners and other justice officers in early sixteenth century Gran Canaria. A comparison with the royal fees throws light on some aspects of judicial practice and on the cost of the professinal services provided by those officers. The analysis of the arguments in favour of the local fees and against the royal ones sheds also light on the cost of living in that island

Kids YouTubers generation: analysis of YouTube channels of the new child phenomena

YouTube se ha convertido en la plataforma online de visualización de contenido digital por excelencia. En este escenario, se han consolidado ciertos canales, protagoni-zados por niños, como los más visualizados por parte de la población infantil. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar los canales de los niños YouTubers españoles con mayor influencia. Se ha seguido una metodología basada en la técnica de análisis de contenido, la cual nos ha per-mitido obtener datos cuantitativos sobre una serie de va-riables para determinar la influencia y el tipo de contenido que publican. Entre los resultados encontramos que la mayoría de canales cuentan con un soporte empresarial, con fines puramente económicos, donde la imagen del menor es objeto de negocio. La influencia que ejercen los niños YouTubers en otros menores es altísima, debido a que se encuentran en una etapa de construcción de la identidad, este hecho es aprovechado por las marcas para incluir publicidad. Finalmente, se destaca el carácter glo-bal de este fenómeno, el cual sucede en distintos puntos geográficos del planetaYouTube has become the online platform for viewing digital content par excellence. This is, certain kids channels have been consolidated as the most visualized by children. The purpose of this paper has been to analyse the chan-nels of the Spanish YouTubers children with greater influence. We have followed a methodology based on the technique of content analysis, which has allowed us to obtain quantitative data on a series of variables to deter-mine their influence and the type of content. Among the results we found that most channels have a business sup-port, for purely economic purposes, where the image of the child is the object of business. The influence exercised by children YouTubers in other minors is very high, be-cause they are in a stage of identity construction, this fact is used by brands to include publicity. Finally, the global character of this phenomenon is highlighted, which hap-pens in different geographical points of the plane

Cómo crear un boletín de novedades con Mailchimp

En esta comunicación se explica el proceso de creación de un boletín de novedades con Mailchimp, una herramienta de e-mail marketing que permite gestionar el envío de correos electrónicos comerciales: el diseño del mensaje, la base de datos de contactos, el envío y los datos de uso. El Servicio de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Navarra ha renovado recientemente el boletín de novedades que enviaba a través de una lista de distribución a los usuarios suscritos, con un enlace para consultar las novedades bibliográficas. Este proyecto ha consistido en un nuevo diseño del boletín, más personalizado, de manera que los usuarios reciben en su correo electrónico un listado con los títulos incorporados a la colección sobre el área temática a la que se han suscrito, enlazando cada título al correspondiente registro en el catálogo, junto con algunos enlaces a noticias seleccionadas. Para llevarlo a cabo ha sido necesario aprender el funcionamiento de Mailchimp, trabajar el nuevo diseño, revisar las áreas temáticas, trasladar de la base de contactos a Mailchimp, la revisión de la legislación vigente sobre protección de datos —que exige tener constancia del consetimiento de los usuarios para el envío— y realizar una campaña de comunicación para dar a conocer el nuevo boletín. Un aspecto técnico a destacar consiste en la inclusión del listado de títulos de cada área temática mediante las RSS del catálogo, de manera que es posible tener una sola plantilla para cada área que se actualiza automáticamente en cada nuevo enví

De puertas adentro: la mujer guatemalteca

De puertas adentro: La mujer guatemalteca es un recorrido por la vida de 30 mujeres que viven en Guatemala. Un proyecto con cierta base periodística, sociológica y antropológica que, tanto de forma visual como textual, trata de mostrar una realidad, el legado y el presente de un país a través de los ojos de la mujer. Mujeres de distintas edades, clases sociales, ideologías y herencias históricas. Una muestra de la vida cotidiana, del día a día, unas imágenes que representan el hogar, su santuario, donde de verdad se refleja su personalidad y la posición que tienen ante la vida

Reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission in cattle vaccinated one or two weeks before challenge using a commercial polyvalent vaccine

Immediate vaccination of the most susceptible and epidemiological relevant animals is a crucial part of control measures that facilitate virus elimination in case of entry of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cattle vaccination 7 and 14 days prior challenge using a vaccine commonly applied in systematic vaccination campaigns against transmission of FMD virus (FMDV). Transmission of FMDV was investigated in three groups of ten cattle each: one non-vaccinated group and two groups that were either vaccinated 7 days (−7/vaccinated group) or 14 days (−14/vaccinated group) before intranasal (IN) inoculation. Five cattle heads from each group were inoculated using the IN-route with the A/Argentina/2001 FMDV strain, while the remaining five cattle heads of each group were contact-exposed to inoculated cattle. Clinical signs were recorded; virus isolation and genome detection by RT-PCR were carried out on oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid (OPF) and blood. Neutralizing antibody titers and antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV were also determined. Results suggest that the experimental design, virus challenge dose, and virus infectivity were appropriate and that the virus had been transmitted to naïve calves. Under the outlined experimental conditions, vaccination 7 and 14 days prior to challenge induced full clinical protection against virus inoculation. Moreover, −7/ or −14/vaccinated calves that had been contact-exposed to −7/ or −14/vaccinated IN-challenged calves, did not become infected. Consequently, no virus transmission occurred from vaccinated and subsequently infected calves to cohabitating vaccinated calves (R = 0). According to our results, early vaccination during an outbreak is effective as virus transmission can be significantly reduced using a vaccine commercially available, routinely applied in systematic vaccination campaigns.Instituto de PatobiologíaFil: Duffy, Sergio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Fondevila, Norberto Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Galdo Novo, Sabrina. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA); ArgentinaFil: Aznar, Maria Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Garro, Carlos Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Smitsaart, Eliana N. Biogénesis Bagó S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Monti, Gustavo. Universidad Austral de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Chil

Tourism and Sustainability: resumption after COVID-19

Experience tourism in the midst of nature, the appreciation of healthy food, which allows to appreciate, taste and experience the moment becomes the motto for the beginning of a new era. The objective of this study was to identify which actions are necessary to internalize the SDGs in the resumption of tourism activities after the pandemic. The analysis of the perceptions of public managers, private initiative, and educational institutions to understand and awaken the issues of sustainability in environmental issues, in the resumption of tourism with a demand for activities in the midst of nature. The methodology was exploratory explanatory, of qualitative analysis, and uses content analysis, the NVivo11 software was used for transcription of the videos and description of the speeches of the speakers who participated in the extension activity three webinars held in 2021, within the extension project entitled "Tourism and Sustainability - a conscious resumption", proposed by the Research Group on Policies, Public Management and Development of UERGS/CNPq. He concluded that the speakers representing both educational institutions and public and private management emphasized in their speeches that: a) tourism, b) research, c) sustainability, and d) gastronomy are currently inseparable themes. Finally, the uncertainty of the future to reassess and plan the issues of environmental, economic and social sustainability, both in the resumption and how to adhere to the SDGs in a conscious and possible to do