Sub-nanosecond electromagnetic-micromagnetic dynamic simulations using the finite-difference time-domain method

This paper presents an efficient and simple approach of implementing the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation of magnetisation motion within the Finite-difference Time-domain (FDTD) method. This combined electromagnetic-micromagnetic simulation technique is particularly important for modeling electromagnetic interaction with lossy magnetic material in the presence of current and magnetic sources, particularly at very high frequencies. The efficient implementation involves simple two-point spatial interpolations that are applicable to two and three-dimensional FDTD grids, and uses a stable iterative algorithm for the time integration of the LLG equation. A ferromagnetic resonance numerical experiment on a rectangular Permalloy prism excited through its cross-section by a non-uniform pulse field from a transmission line was carried out for the purpose of verifying the combined FDTD-LLG computations. The numerical results were in good agreement with linearised analytical solutions of the LLG equation for uniform and non-uniform precession modes. This paper also presents a brief investigation on the use of non-staggered FDTD grid schemes to model magnetic material using the LLG equation, and indicates that the classical FDTD staggered scheme offers simplicity in implementation and more accuracy for modeling wave interaction with lossy magnetic material than the non-staggered schemes based on Maxwell’s equations formulation

The inspiration of Bauhaus principles on the modern housing in Cyprus

Modern architecture developed more than a century ago to find solutions suitable to solve the new concerns of the industrial revolution that changed the social idea of the world in all aspects. Bauhaus school which established by Walter Gropius in 1919 adopted too many principles and ideas that were totally new to the architectural concept and theory at that time; their principles started from Simplicity, Angularity, Abstraction, Consistency, Unity, Organization, Economy, Subtlety, Continuity, Regularity, and Sharpness. Those principles affected the architectural world and found its way through many applications in different parts of the world. The unlimited space or the international space that had a significant influence on the architecture space and form as well as the introduction of the new material, the anti- decorating, and Platonic forms had worked to reconstruct the architecture in the world. Cyprus as an island close to the sources of the movement got the influence from the modern movement. The study will concentrate on Efruz Housing which designed by Ahmet Vural, who developed the project in the 60th of the last century. The aim of the research is to find the relationship and effects of Bauhaus school in Cyprus through studying and analyzing some of Ahmet Vural works. The methodology will depend on a comparison with the traditional housing that preceded Mr. Vural work and how the Modernism changed the main features of the housing on the Island

Text hiding in text using invisible character

Steganography can be defined as the art and science of hiding information in the data that could be read by computer. This science cannot recognize stego-cover and the original one whether by eye or by computer when seeing the statistical samples. This paper presents a new method to hide text in text characters. The systematic method uses the structure of invisible character to hide and extract secret texts. The creation of secret message comprises four main stages such using the letter from the original message, selecting the suitable cover text, dividing the cover text into blocks, hiding the secret text using the invisible character and comparing the cover-text and stego-object. This study uses an invisible character (white space) position of in the cover text that used to hide the the secrete sender masseges. The experiments results show that the suggested method presents highly secret due to use the multi-level of complexity to avoid the attackers

The effect of the binary space and social interaction in creating an actual context of understanding the traditional urban space

Urban Space is not just a simple, physical configuration. Instead, it is a transformation of human experiences with the different synchronic architectural characteristic that needs a critical examination to segregate discrete layers of structural elements. As a result, the traditional urban space is a unique existence of reality; it is a product of prolonged interaction between society and architecture. Neglecting any part in the public space perception process is leading to crash the binary equation letting the meaning paralyzed without being able to represent any society or potentially keep the sense. There are many examples of worn-out urban spaces some of them was a result of ignorance and absent of realization of the interaction between Society and architecture.The Iraqi municipality demolished that relationship by importing different layers that are not compatible with the original one or as a result of inserting new means of technology in the heart of the historic cities. The other example from Erbil, a city north of Iraq, where the municipality determinable removed the old fabric to insert a well-defined rectangle space, somehow to create an urban public space, that procedure juxtaposed by form a barrier to isolate the old Souk from the other part of the old city. Both cities suffered from a misunderstanding of the urban binary equation between space and architecture as a tool to understand the context

A Study of Partial Stroke Test for Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) Using Masoneilan Valve

This report presents the progress and the future development of the work in Partial Stroke Testing. Partial Stroke Test is a good complement to Full Stroke Testing (FST). During the FST operators will monitor the testing to confirm that the valve has reached the desire position and to ensure the valve reached in specific time to establish the integrity of the valve's operating mechanism

An analytical model for nanoscale electrothermal probe recording on phase-change media

notes: This paper presents comprehensive mathematical models for understanding the writing (recording) processes in new, ultra-high density, probe-based electrical storage. The analytical models address practical implementation issues in this technology, and allow parametric testing and optimisation of practical storage media structures. It provides a theoretical understanding and confirmation of system dependencies and practical writing conditions observed experimentally by researchers at Tohoku University in Japan. The work led to an invited presentation on probe-based storage by Aziz at the prestigious Seagate Research Conclave held in June 2007 at Sprintown, Northern Ireland. Contact: Dr Alan Johnson, Research Director, Seagate Technology (Ireland), ([email protected])publication-status: Publishedtypes: ArticleCopyright © 2006 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 99 (2006) and may be found at http://link.aip.org/link/?JAPIAU/99/034301/1Scanning probe memories are now emerging as a means of achieving nanoscale resolution data storage. The use of microscopic conductive tips in contact with a phase-change material to record data as amorphous and crystalline marks is one such approach, making use of the large difference in electrical conductivity between the two phases to distinguish between two binary states on replay and hence provide a memory function. The writing process is complex and involves electronic, thermal, and phase-change processes that are difficult to model and study except using numerical techniques. A simplified analytical model of electrothermal writing by probe on a basic two-layer phase-change structure is developed here, and used to predict the required voltage levels for recording and the expected diameters of recorded crystalline and amorphous marks. A simplified model of cooling and solidification was also developed to study the cooling rates during amorphization. The predictions are shown to be in agreement with published experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The developed analytical models were extended to investigate the effects of introducing coating layers on recording voltage levels, to study the depth profiles of recorded marks, and to derive expressions for the capacitance and resistance of the phase-change layer that contribute to the transient behavior of the recording system

A transfer function approach to reaction rate analysis with applications to phase-change materials and devices

Copyright © 2013 American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Applied Physics Letters Vol. 103 (11) and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820696This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.A very good approximate, closed-form solution to the reaction rate equation with Arrhenius temperature dependence is derived, valid for activation energies E >> kBxT0 (kB is Boltzmann constant and T0 is room temperature) and monotonically decreasing temperatures. This solution is then used to develop a transfer function description of the reaction rate equation, enabling the bandwidth of the reaction rate to be determined and related to the kinetic and thermophysical parameters of the medium. Applications of the transfer function approach to understanding and predicting reaction (i.e. crystallization) rates in phase-change materials and devices are discussed

PLAGIARISM AMONG JUNIOR LECTURERS IN INDONESIA: HOW AND WHY?

Purpose of the study: Lecturers of public universities in Indonesia are encouraged to publish articles in internationally reputable journals frequently. Due to their workload and tight schedule, they may be tempted to copy some or part of their works. This study aimed at investigating the reasons for young lecturers on plagiarism in English academic writing. Methodology: A quantitative method was used to describe and explain the phenomenon of the junior lecturers’ plagiaristic conduct. A set of questionnaires was used as the instrument to obtain the data. The data were collected from 82 young lecturers who were attending an English intensive program at the Language Centre of Syiah Kuala University, the oldest and biggest university in the province of Aceh. Main Findings: The results show a contradiction between junior lecturers’ awareness of their practical behavior. Their high awareness of plagiarism was not a benchmark from the misconduct or plagiarism. Surprisingly, the findings show some of the junior lecturers were intentionally plagiarizing by paying more professional writers to finish their articles. They also copied the whole source or part of it to produce better writing work. Finally, lack of consequences and lack of ability in academic writing are the major reasons why young lecturers plagiarized. Applications of this study: This study applies to the area of English Teaching and Learning. However, it does not rule out the possibility that the study result applies to other fields of study. Novelty/Originality of this study: Moreover, the study result might be useful for readers’ conceptual development because there is very little research related to lecturers’ plagiaristic behavior, especially in Indonesia. A more in-depth investigation can be obtained and tested using this study result

The Piriformis Syndrome: Evaluation of Seven Cases

Low back pain is one of the causes of Piriformis syndrome. Low back pain is the second most common medical complaints encountered by physicians. More than 50% of the population will complain of low back pain at the same time. Piriformis syndrome may constitute up to 5% of cases of low back pain, buttock pain, and lower limb pain. This is a prospective and case–control study. In this study, we study 268 cases with low back pain; in 268 cases, seven cases had Piriformis syndrome. We studied pain, severity pain, radicular pain, limping, and painful sitting. Evaluation of musculoskeletal, BMI, and physical examination of Piriformis sign, Freiberg sign, and pace sign. Neurological evaluation was taken by paraclinical examination elevated through X-ray, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and electromyography. Data as mean + standard deviation. And SPSS software for analysis. In 268 cases with conservative method, 100% of cases were cure treatment after 4 months, in contrast to surgery methods after 1 month. The result illustrated the significantly improved between two methods of treatment (P < 0.0025). In seven cases, four cases had a history of blunt trauma and one case had a history of surgery that after 6 months had complication of surgery and scare tissue that with the second surgery release of scare was done with 100% cure. Anomaly of Piriformis muscle was seen in one case that surgery was done. Tumor was seen in one case that had pressure effect on sciatic nerve that surgery was done. Heterotopic ossification was seen in two cases. BMI of all cases was in normal range. All cases with diagnosis of disc herniation were excluded from the study. They were need to surgical operation for herniated disc. Piriformis syndrome is differentiated primary from secondary type, in which it is done according to history and physical examination. According to the etiology of Piriformis syndrome, the treatments are different. If you see mass that compressed the sciatic nerve, you must remove it. If the patient had sacroiliitis, it must be treated in early phase. Surgery of Piriformis is not accepted by all surgeons. It is limited to release Piriformis tendon and insertion to femur