Integrated photovoltaic-grid dc fast charging system for electric vehicle: A review of the architecture and control

The fast charger for electric vehicle (EV) is a complex system that incorporates numerous interconnected subsystems. The interactions among these subsystems require a holistic understanding of the system architecture, control, power electronics, and their overall interaction with the electrical grid system. This review paper presents important aspects of a PV-grid integrated dc fast charger—with a special focus on the charging system components, architecture, operational modes, and control. These include the interaction between the PV power source, grid electricity, energy storage unit (ESU) and power electronics for the chargers. A considerable amount of discussion is also dedicated to battery management systems (BMS) and their mutual interactions in the control processes. For the power electronics, the paper evaluates soft switching non-isolated dc-to-dc power converter topologies that can be possibly used as future EV chargers. In addition to these, a brief discussion on the impact of the PV-grid charging on the ac grid and distribution system and their remedial measures are presented. Furthermore, the challenges in regard to the vehicle to grid (V2G) concept are also described. It is envisaged that the information provided in this paper would be useful as a one-stop document for engineers, researchers and others who require information related to the dc fast charging of EV that incorporates a renewable energy source

Electric vehicles charging using photovoltaic: status and technological review

The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) into the electric vehicle (EV) charging system has been on the rise due to several factors, namely continuous reduction in the price of PV modules, rapid growth in EV and concerns over the effects of greenhouse gases. Despite the numerous review articles published on EV charging using the utility (grid) electrical supply, so far, none has given sufficient emphasis on the PV charger. With the growing interest in this subject, this review paper summarizes and update all the related aspects on PV-EV charging, which include the power converter topologies, charging mechanisms and control for both PV-grid and PV-standalone/hybrid systems. In addition, the future outlook and the challenges that face this technology are highlighted. It is envisaged that the information gathered in this paper will be a valuable one-stop source of information for researchers working in this topic

Association between physician characteristics and resuscitation interventions

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A survey of Canadian intensivists' resuscitation practices in early septic shock"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/4/R74</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(4):R74-R74.</p><p>Published online 10 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206518.</p><p></p> The figure shows the association between resuscitation intervention preferences and intensive care unit (ICU) physician characteristics using multivariable logistic regression analyses. An odds ratio below 1 reflects less frequent use (sometimes/rarely/never) of the resuscitation intervention. An odds ratio above 1 reflects increased frequent use (always/often) of the resuscitation intervention. RBC, red blood cell