Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

The direct discharge of palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater causes serious environmental pollution due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Traditional ways for POME treatment have both economic and environmental disadvantages. In this study, membrane anaerobic system (MAS) was used as an alternative, cost effective method for treating POME. Six steady states were attained as a part of a kinetic study that considered concentration ranges of 8,220 to 15,400 mg/l for mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and 6, 329 to 13,244 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Kinetic equations from Monod, Contois and Chen & Hashimoto were employed to describe the kinetics of POME treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 2 to 13 kg COD/m3/d. throughout the experiment, the removal efficiency of COD was from 94.8 to 96.5% with hydraulic retention time, HRT from 400.6 to 5.7 days. The growth yield coefficient, Y was found to be 0.62gVSS/g COD the specific microorganism decay rate was 0.21 d-1 and the methane gas yield production rate was between 0.25 l/g COD/d and 0.58 l/g COD/d. Steady state influent COD concentrations increased from 18,302 mg/l in the first steady state to 43,500 mg/l in the sixth steady state. The minimum solids retention time, which was obtained from the three kinetic models ranged from 5 to 12.3 days. The k values were in the range of and values were between 0.26 and 0.379 d-1. The solids retention time (SRT) decreased from 800 days to 11.6 days. The complete treatment reduced the COD content to 2279 mg/l equivalent to a reduction of 94.8% reduction from the original

Pengaruh Sistem Perpajakan, Diskriminasi, Kepatuhan dan Pengetahuan Perpajakan terhadap Persepsi Wajib Pajak Mengenai Etika Penggelapan Pajak (Studi Empiris pada Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi di Wilayah Kota Pekanbaru)

This study examines to the influence of tax system, discrimination, obedience, and tax knowledge against the taxpayer perceptions about the ethical of tax evasion. The population was the taxpayer in Pekanbaru and the sample in this study used slovin formula, so that it obtained 100 respondents as samples. The sample in this study is determined by sampling purposive method, the data collected with the distribution of questionnaires. The method of analysis used is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the analysis indicate that the tax system impact on taxpayer perceptions about the ethical of tax evasion, obedience has impact on taxpayer perceptions about ethical of tax evasion, tax knowledge impact on taxpayer perceptions about the ethical of tax evasion and the discrimination no impact on taxpayer perceptions about the ethical of tax evasion. The most dominant variable influencing taxpayer perceptions about the ethical of tax evasion is tax system because it has a beta value of 0.397 standard coefficient

Tumeur fibreuse solitaire de l’orbite (un cas)

Introduction La tumeur fibreuse solitaire de l’orbite (TFS) est une tumeur mésenchymateuse ubiquitaire exceptionnellement retrouvée dans l’orbite. Nous rapportons un nouveau cas que nous confrontons aux données de la littérature. Observation Un homme âgé de 43 ans, présentait une inflammation conjonctivale de l’oeil gauche évoluant depuis 14 ans, avec apparition progressive d’un ectropion avec exophtalmie axile irréductible et indolore aggravée d’une ophtalmoplégie et cécité gauches. L’IRM orbitaire a mis en évidence une masse rétro-oculaire isointense en T1, hyper signal en T2. L’examen anatomopathologique de la pièce opératoire obtenue par voiefronto-orbitaire gauche a permis de poser le diagnostic de TFS orbitaire.Discussion Le diagnostic de TFS est anatomopathologique. Il s’agit d’une tumeur de nature mésenchymateuse. On note une forte expression de l’antigène CD34 et de la vimentine en immunohistochimie. Conclusion La TFS de l’orbite est une tumeur rare habituellement bénigne. Elle doit être différenciée immunohistochimiquement des autres types mésenchymateuses de l’orbite. Sa prise en charge repose sur l’exérèse chirurgicale complète. Un suivi clinique prolongé est proposé car des récidives peuvent survenir à long terme et il existe des formes malignes

Pengaruh Latihan Zumba Terhadap Arus Puncak Ekspirasi Pada Wanita Usia Muda

Background: Zumba recently is one of the most popular physical exercise particularly among females. Zumba is a combination of music, step aerobics, and variety of dance movements from Latin America. The exercise is fun and relatively low cost, Zumba can also increase the strength of respiratory muscles so as to improve lung function and capacityAim: To observe the effect of Zumba routine exercise on peak expiratory flow rate in young femaleMethod: The study was an observational analytic using cross sectional approach. Subjects were participants of Zumba routine exercise cathegorized to <8 weeks and ≥8 weeks exercise periods. PEFR was measured by mini-Wright peak flowmeter. Correlation between the period of Zumba exercise and PEFR was analyzed using Spearman's test.Result: From the 24 subjects, the mean of PEFR in participants who were conducted Zumba exercise for <8 weeks was 345.42 ± 30.19 L/min with the lowest score was 300 L/min and the highest was 400 L/min. The PEFR mean of subjects who experienced Zumba exercise for ≥8 weeks was 437.92 ± 19.59 L/min with the lowest was 400 L/min and the highest 465 L/min. The Spearman's test showed a very strong degree of positive correlation between period of Zumba exercise with PEFR (r=0,86; p=0,000)Conclusion: The study found the differences between the mean of PEFR in subjects who did Zumba regular exercise for <8 weeks and ≥8 weeks. This study also showed very strong positive correlation between period of Zumba exercise with PEF

Comparison of Essential Oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Extracted with Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) and Conventional Hydrodistillation (HD) Method

The increasing demand of essential oil has opened up wide opportunities for global marketing which leads to the requirement of its competitive product in market that comes with all the advantages in term of cost, quality and its production time. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method is an advance extraction technique that takes advantage of microwave heating with the conventional hydrodistillation (HD). This research was carried out to study the effect of different MAHD parameters which were water to plant material ratio (6:1, 8:1,10:1), microwave power (200 W,250W) and extraction time (30min,60min, 90min,120min) in extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus). Its extraction yield and major constituents were analyzed and the results were compared with those of conventional HD. The optimum parameters were found at water to plant material ratio of 8:1, microwave power of 250W and 90 minutes of extraction and the yield obtained under this condition was 1.46%. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis showed that the content of main constituents which were neral, geranial and myrcene were almost similar in the essential oil extracted using MAHD and conventional HD. This has proved that the use of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of essential oils. Overall, the results obtained indicate that MAHD method provided a good alternative for the extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

Demulsification of petroleum emulsions using microwave separation method

The formation of emulsions during oil production and processing is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used and production losses. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to separate the water completely from crude oils before transporting or refining them. Experimental data are presented to show the influences of Triton X-100, low-sulfur wax residue (LSWR), sorbitan monooleate (Span 83) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the stability and microwave demulsification of petroleum emulsions. It was found that emulsion stability was related to several parameters including the surfactant concentration, water-to-oil phase ratio (10 to 90%), temperature and agitation speed. Based on this study, a possible emulsion-minimization approach utilizing microwave irradiation is suggested, which could be implemented in refineries. Compared with conventional heating, the use of microwave heating can significantly enhance the demulsification rate, reaching over 90 v/v% for the emulsions studied in this work

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Mint (Mentha) essential oil

Natural products of plant origin, such as essential oils have great benefit for human life. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of mint (mentha) essential oil (EO). The EO obtained by steam distillation and their constituents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The disc diffusion method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial activity. In the antimicrobial activity, the concentrations of 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60μg/mL of mint essential oil were prepared and tested against four microbes; one Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus; two Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia; and one fungal strain, Candida albicans. The oil content was 0.05% (v/w) and the GC-MS analysis led to the identification 42 components, the major components were found to be, Carvone (53.06%), D-limonene (25.65%), and Eucalyptol (2.56%). The inhibition zones of the oil were compared with standard ciprofloxacin. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth against the tested organisms. The microbial activity of mint essential oil was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Therefore, may warrant further research to determine the bioactive compound(s)