The role and impact of entrepreneurship on unemployment rate

Entrepreneurship as an emerging phenomenon has been recently proposed in Iran. On the other hand, our society has suffered from the youth unemployment for years. In addition the economic and social, cultural and moral damages, it has caused severe blows to the society. To solve this basic problem, the new solutions, should be thought. One of the best ways to provide jobs is developing the entrepreneurship. This article was trying to show the role and the effect of entrepreneurship (the number of provided jobs) on reducing the unemployment rate. So, the researchers have studied 20 research papers related to the management and entrepreneurship from 2000 to 2013 and described its results in great detail

The role and impact of entrepreneurship on unemployment rate

Entrepreneurship as an emerging phenomenon has been recently proposed in Iran. On the other hand, our society has suffered from the youth unemployment for years. In addition the economic and social, cultural and moral damages, it has caused severe blows to the society. To solve this basic problem, the new solutions, should be thought. One of the best ways to provide jobs is developing the entrepreneurship. This article was trying to show the role and the effect of entrepreneurship (the number of provided jobs) on reducing the unemployment rate. So, the researchers have studied 20 research papers related to the management and entrepreneurship from 2000 to 2013 and described its results in great detail

The role and impact of entrepreneurship on unemployment rate

Entrepreneurship as an emerging phenomenon has been recently proposed in Iran. On the other hand, our society has suffered from the youth unemployment for years. In addition the economic and social, cultural and moral damages, it has caused severe blows to the society. To solve this basic problem, the new solutions, should be thought. One of the best ways to provide jobs is developing the entrepreneurship. This article was trying to show the role and the effect of entrepreneurship (the number of provided jobs) on reducing the unemployment rate. So, the researchers have studied 20 research papers related to the management and entrepreneurship from 2000 to 2013 and described its results in great detail

The Effects of Different Particle Size of Nano-ZnO and Alumina-based Catalysts on Removal of Atrazine from Water with Ozone

Due to the widespread application of pesticides and herbicides in agricultural industries, these substances have been highlighted as emerging contamination of natural ground and surface water resources. Conventional water treatment processes are only effective in removing emerging contaminants in water. The mechanism of degradation of organic impurities present in water using ozone is known to either directly involve the ozone molecule or to occur by the indirect effect of free hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The latter are produced in the radical chain reaction of ozone decomposition. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of particle sizes of nano-ZnO catalysts on removal of atrazine (ATZ). Nano-ZnO catalysts increase the rate of ozone decomposition and atrazine removal by production of hydroxyl radicals as oxidative intermediates. However, different particle sizes have a minimal effect on the rate of ozone decomposition and atrazine removal. It is believed that molecular ozone is adsorbed on the surface of nano-ZnO followed by the oxidation of the ozone molecule. This leads to the production of OH radicals. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that reaction is carried out in the bulk of the solution and the rate is independent of catalyst’s surface area. This is probably the reason for similar reaction rates of different particle sizes of nano-Zno catalysts. Additionally three different metal oxides (ZnO, Mn2O3 and Fe2O3) loaded on ƴ-alumina and ƴ-alumina (metal oxide-free) were used in catalytic ozonation of aquatic atrazine samples. The findings substantiate the strong influence of molecular ozone on degradation of ATZ and the partial involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the mechanism. Based on adsorption studies, atrazine has a low affinity towards adsorption on the surface of the catalysts. It is logical to assume that ozone reacts with the hydroxyl groups of the catalyst to form a highly reactive metal-ozone complex. This layer could react with a molecule of atrazine through an electron-transfer mechanism. The residual concentration of ATZ and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyses

Survey of microbial quality of drinking water in the public vehicles and education effect of drivers on the water quality improvement

زمینه و هدف: مصرف آب آلوده در طول مسافرت یکی از مشکلاتی است که سلامت مسافرین را به مخاطره می اندازد. در این مطالعه کیفیت میکروبی آب آشامیدنی وسیله های نقلیه عمومی بین شهری و اثر آموزش رانندگان بر بهبود کیفیت آب شرب این وسیله ها در ترمینال آزادی شهرکرد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی: در این تحقیق توصیفی – مداخله ای که در سال 91-1390 انجام شد، از تعداد 512 وسیله نقلیه ناوگان بین شهری تعداد 219 وسیله نقلیه به روش تصادفی سیستماتیک انتخاب و از آب شرب آن ها نمونه برداری انجام شد و غلظت کلر باقیمانده، تعداد کل کلیفرم ها و کلیفرم های مدفوعی اندازه گیری شد. سپس 61 خودرو که دارای آب شرب آلوده بودند به صورت تصادفی ساده به دو گروه مورد و شاهد تقسیم شدند. به رانندگان گروه مورد، به مدت دو هفته آموزش های لازم ارائه گردید. سپس از آب شرب وسایل نقلیه هر دو گروه، مجدداً نمونه برداری انجام شد و نتایج مقایسه گردید. یافته ها: 7/13 وسیله های نقلیه عمومی از آب های بطری شده و 3/86 از آب معمولی استفاده می کردند. 4/98 آب های معمولی فاقد کلر باقیمانده در حد استاندارد بودند. نتایج نشان داد که 9/48 کل نمونه ها به کلیفرم و 1/31 کل نمونه ها به کلیفرم مدفوعی آلوده بودند. میزان آلودگی کل کلیفرم و کلیفرم مدفوعی در گروه مورد به ترتیب از 100 و 1/58 (قبل از آموزش) به 8/54 و 29 (بعد از آموزش) کاهش یافت. نتیجه گیری: این تحقیق تأثیر آموزش رانندگان را در کاهش 45 تا 50 درصدی آلودگی میکروبی آب شرب مصرف شده در طول مسیر به اثبات رساند؛ لذا با توجه به تأثیر آموزش رانندگان بر کیفیت آب، پیشنهاد می شود که سازمان ذیربط اجرای دوره های آموزشی متناوب و نظارت بهداشتی را در اولویت برنامه های خود قرار دهد

A Comprehensive Review on Risk Factors Affecting the Crash Severity

As a matter of growing machinery life, traffic crashes are considered an inevitable source of injuries and costs around the world. Regarding to increasing traffic accident outcomes, controlling the current status is necessary. In this way, identifying risk factors affecting the crash severity is an essential step toward initiating a convincing solution. The core objective of this study was to categorize the risk factors affecting the severity of crashes. Data needed for this study were gathered through searching Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases using the keywords included fatal and crash, injuries and crash, fatal and traffic accident, and injuries and traffic accident. Based on 83 selected studies for review, factors affecting the crash severity divided into five factors and forty-seven sub-factors. The most prevalent sub-factors were age, sex, safety belts, alcohol and drug use, speed, weather conditions, lighting conditions, time of the day and week, vehicle kind, road condition, collision type and crash location. Many risk factors affect crash severity and determination of the most important ones can be a prelude in reducing the effects. Therefore, the conclusion of this review can assist to traffic safety experts, police and contribute to distinguishing and monitoring the risk factors affecting crash severity transportation agencies

The Role of Advanced Echocardiographic Parameters of the Left Atrial Function in the Incidence of Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke: A Review

Stroke is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including a large proportionof cryptogenic strokes. Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring is beneficial in prospective studies fordetecting atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. This review aimed to evaluate the advancedechocardiographic parameters and their roles in assessing left atrial (LA) function in the incidence ofcryptogenic and ischemic strokes. Main resources, including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciencedatabases, were evaluated for articles published in English from 2010 until May 2021. LA echocardiographicparameters such as LA strain and strain rate, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), the mean left atrialvolume index (LAVI), LA reservoir volume, systole strain rate (SSR) of left atrial appendage, and lack ofLA function response to maximal exercise as measured by the LA ejection fraction during rest and exercisecould be considered for assessing the risk of cryptogenic strokes and ischemic strokes. The results indicatedthat increased LA volumes and reduced LA strain rate were correlated with cryptogenic stroke. Advancedparameters of LA function, measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, such as strain and strainrate values in different parts of the cardiac cycle, in addition to standard measures of LA function suchas LA ejection fraction and LAVI, will define an excellent understanding regarding LA myopathy and riskassessment of cryptogenic stroke, independent of considering conventional cardiovascular risk factors

Nanoparticles Impact the Expression of the Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation in S. aureus, a Model Antimicrobial-Resistant Species

Background:     Infection with resistant bacteria are still reported in hospitals despite the routine cleaning of hospital surfaces. Presence of drug-resistant microbes in the on environment of hospitals and on medical equipment is indicative of the need for control measures which could impact the emergence of such microbes. In addition, biofilms are increasingly associated with human infections and it necessitates careful considerations on usage of a diverse range of medical devices, such as catheters, implants and pacemakers in hospitals.  Methods:      This study was designed to compare the effect of silver, ZnO nanoparticles and curcumin on drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which were already isolated from different wards of the hospital. The MIC value were determined for silver, curcumin and ZnO nanoparticles. As the second step, the expression level of the genes involved in biofilm formation in S. aureus, including icaA, icaD, fnbA and fnbB, was studied to analyze the physiological reaction to controlled concentrations of such nanoparticles using RT-qPCR assessments. Results:     In this study, a total of 172 bacterial isolates were recovered from clinical and environmental samples (96 and 76 isolates, respectively). API-20 test revealed that these isolates belonged to 8 species. All antimicrobial resistant isolates were susceptible to the metal oxide nanoparticles. The results of q-PCR in this study showed that the expression of icaA and icaD genes in the presence of silver, curcumin and zinc nanoparticles were not significantly reduced compared to the control samples. But, exposure to nanoparticles reduced the expression of fnbA and fnbB genes from 0.46 to 0.06. Conclusion:  The results of our study showed that nanoparticles are highly effective on antibiotics- resistant isolates and these compounds can be used in the treatment of resistant bacteria. In addition, this study also demonstrates the promising potential of using nanoparticles as anti-biofilm formation agents

How the Lack of Social Support Affects Young Women's Risky Sexual Behaviors? A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Risky sexual behavior is a great threat for youth's health. Youth are at risk of sexually transmitted diseases more than any other groups. This study was designed to explore the role of lack of social support on young women's risky sexual behaviors. Method: In this qualitative inquiry, we recruited 72 young women aged 18 to 35 years. Data were collected using focus group discussions (7) and individual interviews (12) during 2012. Content analysis (Graneheim and Lundman's approach) was applied to analyze the data. Multiple data collection methods, maximum variation sampling, and external check were used to enhance the dependability and credibility of the data. Results: Four main themes were emerged from analyzing the data including "emotional umbrella", "support services", "social adherence", and "informational support". Informational support had two subclasses as "dysfunctional sexual education" and "lack of sexual education". Emotional umbrella included two subclass, "boyfriends love" and "absence of family emotion". Participants believed that their boyfriend's emotional support and lack of familial support were important emotional factors in their involvement in risky sexual behaviors. They reported they did not have access to sexual health services and education. In addition, provided limited sexuality education did not have a good quality. Conclusion: Participants believed that different types of social support affect their involvement in risky sexual behavior. The results can be helpful to design some centers in order to support young women and provide sexual health consult. Keywords: Risk-taking behaviors, Sexual behaviors, Young, Women, Social suppor