Insights into the Design of Congestion Control Protocols for Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks

The widespread deployment of multi-hop wireless mesh networks will depend on the performance seen by the user. Unfortunately, the most predominant transport protocol, TCP, performs poorly over such networks, even leading to starvation in some topologies. In this work, we characterize the root causes of starvation in 802.11 scheduled multi-hop wireless networks via simulations. We analyze the performance of three categories of transport protocols. (1) end-to-end protocols that require implicit feedback (TCP SACK), (2) Explicit feedback based protocols (XCP and VCP) and (3) Open-loop protocol (UDP). We ask and answer the following questions in relation to these protocols: (a) Why does starvation occur in different topologies? Is it intrinsic to TCP or, in general, to feedback-based protocols? or does it also occur in the case of open-loop transfers such as CBR over UDP? (a) What is the role of application behavior on transport layer performance in multi-hop wireless mesh networks? (b) Is sharing congestion in the wireless neighborhood essential for avoiding starvation? (c) For explicit feedback based transport protocols, such as XCP and VCP, what performance can be expected when their capacity estimate is inaccurate? Based on the insights derived from the above analysis, we design a rate-based protocol called VRate that uses the two ECN bits for conveying load feedback information. VRate achieves near optimal rates when configured with the correct capacity estimate

LAJU PENGURAIAN SERASAH DAUN (Rhizophora spp.) DI LAHAN REHABILITASI MANGROVE KELURAHAN SETAPUK BESAR KECAMATAN SINGKAWANG UTARA

The land for mangrove forest rehabilitation in Setapuk Besar Village, North Singkawang District is quite alarming due to abrasion and seawater intrusion. Leaf litter decomposition of Rhizophora spp. produce essential nutrients that function as a source of food and support the life of mangrove plants. The purpose of this study was to calculate the rate of decomposition of leaf litter of mangrove Rhizophora spp. in the rehabilitation area of mangrove forests and obtain the amount of nutrient content (C-organic, N, P) from mangrove leaf litter released during the decomposition process. This study uses a survey method with a purposive technique with reference to the category of planting year (2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016). Rhizophora spp. leaf litter decomposition rate. The highest was found at station II with a value of 0.13 (gr/day) while the lowest decompositcccpion rate was found at stations II, III and IV with a value of 0.12 (gr/day). The highest value of carbon (C-organic) content was found at station II at 52.39%, the lowest value was at station IV at 49.20%. The highest value of nitrogen content was found at station I of 1.21%, while the lowest value was found at station IV at 0.76%. The highest value of phosphorus nutrient content was found at station III of 0.30%, while the lowest value was found at station II of 0.25%.Keywords: Decomposition Rate, Litter, Mangrove  AbstrakLahan rehabilitasi hutan mangrove yang berada di Kelurahan Setapuk Besar Kecamatan Singkawang Utara cukup memprihatinkan yang disebabkan oleh abrasi dan intrusi air laut. Penguraian serasah daun Rhizophora spp. menghasilkan unsur hara yang esensial berfungsi sebagai sumber makanan dan penyangga kehidupan tanaman mangrove. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menghitung nilai laju dekomposisi serasah daun mangrove Rhizophora spp. di lahan rehabilitasi hutan mangrove dan mendapatkan jumlah kandungan unsur hara (C-organik, N, P) dari serasah daun mangrove yang dilepas selama proses terurai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan teknik purposive dengan mengacu pada kategori tahun tanam (2007, 2010, 2013 dan 2016). Laju penguraian serasah daun Rhizophora spp. tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun II dengan nilai sebesar 0,13 (gr/hari) sedangkan untuk laju penguraian terendah terdapat pada stasiun II, III dan IV dengan nilai sebesar 0,12 (gr/hari). Nilai kandungan Karbon (C-organik) tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun II sebesar 52,39%, nilai terendah terdapat pada stasiun   IV sebesar 49,20%. Nilai kandungan Nitrogen yang tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun I sebesar 1,21%, sedangkan nilai terendah terdapat pada stasiun IV sebesar 0,76%. Nilai kandungan unsur hara Posfor tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun III sebesar 0,30%, sedangkan nilai terendah terdapat pada stasiun II sebesar 0,25%.Kata kunci: Laju penguraian, mangrove, serasah, Setapuk Besa

Tantangan Lembaga Pendidikan Di Jepang Dalam Menyambut Era Society 5.0

Era Society 5.0 or called Society 5.0 was first echoed by the Japanese government. This era is an era where drastic changes occur in the industrial world and social structure. Many things need to be prepared, one of which is preparing human resources capable of adapting to that era, the things that can be done for this is through education. Era Society 5.0 requires someone to be able to integrate their activities with digital technology. This article examines what challenges will be faced by educational institutions in Japan and what must be done to be able to form the human resources needed by the world of work in Japan in the era of Society 5.0. This research has the objective of describing what are the challenges of educational institutions in Japan to graduate human resources who are ready to compete in the era of society 5.0 and how to solve them. This research uses a qualitative research approach. The data collection technique was carried out by collecting literature data. This study collects information or data from various sources such as articles that are relevant to the issue of Education in Japan's Society 5.0 era. To face the era of Society 5.0, the world of education in Japan has carried out various corrective actions, including reforming education in the form of a lecture system and lecture materials, providing facilities for students and alumni to be able to discuss with companies in Japan, and establishing collaborations with foreign universities in the form of providing double degree programs

An Analytical Study of Hadiths on Family Maintenance

This study regarding living in the household has been narrated through several hadiths, one of which is the hadith of Aisyah ra. about the story of questions Hindun bintu 'Utbah ra. to the Prophet. about the maintenance of his family. This hadith is a proposal in the nafaqat chapter, where the scholars make it a guide in many matters of living and other than that, advise it, and make legal istinbat from it in the books of hadith and fiqh such as providing for a family in its primary needs is the husband's obligation, where the size returns to urf habit and if a husband is negligent from the obligation to provide for his family, then it is permissible for a wife to take her husband's property without his knowledge, but only as needed for herself and her child.Kajian ini berkenaan dengan nafkah dalam rumah tangga telah di-nash-kan melalui beberapa hadis, diantaranya adalah hadis Aisyah ra. tentang kisah pertanyaan Hindun bintu ‘Utbah ra. kepada Nabi saw. tentang nafkah keluarganya. Hadis ini adalah usul dalam bab nafaqat, dimana para ulama menjadikannya sebagai pegangan dalam banyak permasalahan nafkah dan selainnya, mensyarahnya, serta ber-istinbat hukum darinya dalam kitab-kitab hadis dan fikih seperti menafkahi keluarga pada kebutuhan primernya adalah kewajiban suami, dimana ukurannya kembali kepada urf kebiasaan dan jika seorang suami lalai dari kewajiban menafkahi keluarganya, maka dibolehkan seorang istri mengambil harta suaminya tanpa sepengetahuannya, namun sebatas kebutuhan untuk diri dan anaknya saja

Implementasi Etika Bisnis Islam dalam Standart Operasional Prosedur (SOP Penagihan Murabahah

Suatu lembaga keuangan syariah harus memperhatikan etika bisnis Islam dalam setiap kegiatannya, setiap bentuk pendanaan maupun penyaluran dana harus menerapkan pola syariah, salah satunya adalah dalam hal penagihan hutang. KSSU Harum Dhaha Kediri memiliki prosedur bagaimana melakukan penagihan dengan memperhatikan etika bisnis Islam. Fokus penelitian pada skripsi ini adalah bagaimana standart operasional prosedur (SOP) dalam penagihan murabahah pada KSSU Harum Dhaha, dan bagaimana pelaksanaan standart operasional prosedur (SOP) penagihan murabahah pada KSSU Harum Dhaha  jika ditinjau dari etika bisnis Islam. Sedangkan tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui standart operasional prosedur pada KSSU Harum Dhaha Kediri, serta untuk mengetahui standart operasional penagihan murabahah sudah sesuai dengan etika bisnis Islam.Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metodependekatan kualitatif, dan data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Dianalisis dengan menelaah seluruh data yang sudah ada melalui tahap reduksi data, menyajikan data dan menarik kesimpulan.Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa pada aplikasinya standart operasional prosedur penagihan murabahah di KSSU Harum Dhaha Kediri dilakukan seperti pada lembaga keuangan syariah pada umumnya, tetapi disesuaikan dengan kondisi koperasi dan karakteristik anggota atau calon anggota. Implementasi etika bisnis Islam dalam standart operasional prosedur penagihan murabahah di KSSU Harum Dhaha Kediri, koperasi sudah menerapkan unsur-unsur penting etika bisnis Islam dalampenagihanmurabahah. Namun ada hal yang tidak masuk didalam standart operasional penagihan murabahah tersebut namun dituangkan di dalam kebijakan. Apabila terjadi kurang lancarnya pembayaran maka pihak Koperasi akan memberikan tangguh waktu memperpanjang jatuh temponya dan mengupayakan membayar pokoknya saja dan mengadakan akad baru. Kata Kunci: Etika Bisnis Islam, Standart Operasional Prosedur, Murabaha

Aqueous solution chemistry of molybdenum tungsten and ruthenium

First paragraph. Abstract is available in full-text thesis file. Although elements of the second and third row transition metals do form simple monomeric aqua ions …, a more common feature of their aqueous chemistry is the formation of oligomeric species with metal-metal bonding and oxo, hydroxo and/or halo bridges. These are often called aqua ions but by strict definition they are oxo species. The availability of such aqua ions plays an important role in the chemistry of the corresponding element as they are viewed as being the simplest of complexes and can be frequently more labile than other complexes (e.g. halogeno-complexes) thus opening synthetic routes to compounds including organometallic ones not available otherwise