Mathematical relation predicts achievable densities of compacted particles

Series of mathematical relationships predicts compact densities of spherical shapes in a cylinder as a function of particle dimension, and compact density of angular shapes as a function of particle shape and absolute size

The New Washington Business Corporation Act—Reserved Power of Legislature to Change

The new Washington Domestic and Foreign Corporation Act was enacted by the State of Washington at the session of its Legislature convened January 9, and adjourned March 9, 1933. The Act was approved by the Governor on March 21, 1933, and by an express provision therein became effective on and after January 1, 1934. The Act is patterned upon the Uniform Business Corporation Act and may be cited as such. The history of, and the consideration given to, the drafting of this Act is treated in a note introductory to the draft originally submitted to the Legislature, published in an earlier issue of this Law Review. Naturally, many and various lines of approach suggest themselves, as the Act in its entirety reflects approximately the entire law of corporations, and the changes made involve policies and problems which for an adequate treatment would require volumes rather than the space allotted here. For example, the new Ohio Corporation Act enacted in 1927 and amended in 1929 has already brought forth three leading articles dealing each with one of the many problems suggested by the Act. Incidentally, it may be observed that the Ohio Act is in many respects quite similar to the Uniform Business Corporation Act, in fact, being enacted after various interchanges of views with the Committee of the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws.6 Accordingly, the reports. of the proceedings leading to the enactment of the Ohio Act furnish much illustrative and enlightening material for the consideration of the Uniform Business Corporation Act. When, with the foregoing, one considers the many recent articles concerning corporate problems forming a background for the recently enacted corporation acts, treating among other subjects the historical development, the changing concepts, the reserved power, and the rights of dissenting stockholders,—it is apparent that it must presently be desirable to limit this consideration of the Washington Act to a summary and somewhat more or less clerical treatment. This will comprise a comparison of the new with the existing law, noting the changes effected, with occasional comments as to the desirability of such changes. It is hoped thereby that later articles may be incited with detailed analysis and consideration which will lead to further improvement in our corporation la

Conditional Sales—Legislation in the State of Washington—Recent Legislation, Particularly Where Personality is Attached to Buildings on Realty

It is a well recognized principle of the common law that as between the vendor and vendee in a transaction involving property, they may by agreement fix the incidents which shall attach. The law is replete, however, with cases where a party in possession using the property creates a more or less deceptive appearance as to the ownership of the property so far as third parties are concerned. As between the vendor and a third party who has been misled, the law has taken into consideration not merely the objective incidents such as use and possession, but in addition the balance of social, particularly business, convenience to vendors and third parties generally. Sometimes the third party is protected; sometimes the vendor. In the case of the conditional sale, the vendor was with few exceptions protected at common law, the rationalizations of estoppel, apparent ownership, and constructive fraud being urged in vain. With the intention of protecting both the vendor and the third party so far as possible, resort was made to recording and filing acts for the purpose of giving knowledge to third parties. These acts qualified the rights of the vendor unless so recorded or filed. While such acts have been adopted in most of the states, there is still some question as to the policy of requiring filing or recording due to the fact that they place a restraint upon merchandising because of the consequent reflection on the credit of the vendee and the additional costs involved, and possibly the further fact that the reliance by third parties is largely fictional rather than real. Accordingly a number of the states still protect the vendor without the necessity of recording or filing

Map Coordinate Referencing and the use of GPS Datasets in Ghana

The concepts of coordinate systems required to identify points in space and represent them on maps uses mathematical methods of assigning numbers, called coordinates to each point in space. There are different coordinate systems the commonest being the system of latitudes, longitudes and ellipsoidal heights. The situation is complicated because the latitudes and longitudes of the same point differ slightly depending on the geodetic coordinate system of a country, the result being that different systems of latitude and longitude in use for the same point can disagree in coordinates by more than 200 metres. The GPS for instance uses a WGS84 system and gives latitude and longitude values which can not be integrated directly into the mapping system of a country without suitable mathematical conversions. Similarly, it is not possible to just measure distances from a graticule map without appropriate projection conversions. In order to use data obtained from GPS measurements correctly and effectively in Ghana, we need to use appropriate transformation parameters that relate our Ghana National Survey Mapping coordinate system to that used for the Global Positioning System (GPS). Datum transformation parameters define functional relationship between two reference frames. This paper looked at geodetic coordinate systems and transformations between the WGS84 and the coordinate systems used in Ghana (the Ghana war office system and also the Clarke1880 system) using the Bursa-Wolf model. Particular attention was given to the derivation of ellipsoidal heights through the use of the Abridged Molodensky formulas. Keywords: Coordinate Systems, ellipsoidal heights, Global positioning System, WGS84, Transformation parameters Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 28 (1) 2008 pp. 116-12