The Landscape of Academic Literature in Quantum Technologies

In this study, we investigated the academic literature on quantum technologies (QT) using bibliometric tools. We used a set of 49,823 articles obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) database using a search query constructed through expert opinion. Analysis of this revealed that QT is deeply rooted in physics, and the majority of the articles are published in physics journals. Keyword analysis revealed that the literature could be clustered into three distinct sets, which are (i) quantum communication/cryptography, (ii) quantum computation, and (iii) physical realizations of quantum systems. We performed a burst analysis that showed the emergence and fading away of certain key concepts in the literature. This is followed by co-citation analysis on the highly cited articles provided by the WoS, using these we devised a set of core corpus of 34 publications. Comparing the most highly cited articles in this set with respect to the initial set we found that there is a clear difference in most cited subjects. Finally, we performed co-citation analyses on country and organization levels to find the central nodes in the literature. Overall, the analyses of the datasets allowed us to cluster the literature into three distinct sets, construct the core corpus of the academic literature in QT, and to identify the key players on country and organization levels, thus offering insight into the current state of the field. Search queries and access to figures are provided in the appendix.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures, draft version of a working pape

Examining environmental condition on the growth areas of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.)

Hazelnut has nutritional and economic value as an agricultural product. Hazelnut, mostly grown in Turkey, has not been planted in all agricultural areas, and the yield and the quality of hazelnut differentiate depending on place where it is grown. This can be a result of response of environmental conditions. In this study, recent hazelnut growth areas were determined by Remote Sensing techniques for Trabzon province of Turkey. By using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques, environmental data such as elevation, slope, aspect, geology, and soil data were produced and analyzed to examine environmental conditions on the growth areas of Turkish hazelnut. Spatial analysis shows that environmental and topographic differences affect the hazelnut growth. According to determined environmental conditions, potential hazelnut growth areas should be determined for effective agricultural plantation.Key words: Agricultural technology, hazelnut, remote sensing, geographical information systems

The Interaction Mechanisms of Gold(III) with the Metal Extractant PADA in Water/Micelle Media and Applications to Gold(III) Extraction

This PhD thesis reports the results of studies on extraction and recovery of gold and gold/copper separation from aqueous solutions using surfactant based technologies and on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the reactions involved. Ionic surfactants able to form micelles in water matrices have been investigated, as they form a pseudo-phase which can be able to extract metals with high efficiency. The surfactants employed are sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC). The research can be essentially divided in three parts. In the first part (Chapter 3) the changes of the physico-chemical properties of the medium induced by the addition of the surfactant are investigated. Actually, the presence of micelles can induce changes of the medium pH, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions eventually occurring on the micelle surface will be undoubtedly affected. Among these reactions, those involving ligands able to complex metals and carry them from the aqueous medium to the micelle surface are of special relevance for extraction purposes. Such reactions are pH dependent; hence, the first study has been focused to establish how much the pH on the micelle surface differs from that of the aqueous pseudo-phase and, as a consequence, to find out the shift of equilibrium constants induced by addition of micelles. The second part includes kinetic investigations of the binding of the selected precious metal to PADA (pyridine- 2 azo-p–dimethylaniline) in water, in DTAC and in SDS which are described in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 respectively. It has been found that PADA, besides forming stable complexes with gold(III), is endowed with excellent hydrophobic properties which make it an ideal carrier for the transport of the metals from water to micelle, making it possible metal extraction also in cases where the electrostatic attraction does not work anymore or acts in the contrary direction, as in the case of gold tetrachloroaurate extraction by SDS. The kinetic study enables the mechanism of the binding reaction to be worked out under the different investigated medium conditions. The analysis of the results shows that the starting reactant AuCl4− hydrolyzes to give differently oxydrilated forms (AuCl3OH−, AuCl2(OH)2−) and, in DTAC at low pH, also the aquoform AuCl3(H2O). These species are the reactive ones, whereas the tetrachlorocomplex apparently does not react with PADA, except that in water at relatively low pH values. The third part of the work (Chapter 7) has been devoted to developing methods for the extraction and recovery of gold from dilute aqueous solutions and for the separation of the components of mixtures of gold and copper. These methods are based, on one hand, on the direct transfer of the metals to the micelle and subsequent separation of the micelle-metal aggregate from the aqueous matrix by ultrafiltration. This procedure is denoted as “Micellar Enhanced Ultra Filtration (MEUF). On the other hand, a method where a ligand is added to the solution (to improve the efficiency of the extraction procedure or to impart selectivity to the system) has been employed. In this case the ultrafiltration technique is denoted as “Ligand Modified Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration “(LM-MEUF). The methods devised in the present study for separation of the elements present in mixtures of gold and copper are based on the electrostatic attraction of one of the species and on repulsion of the other by a given micelle. In this work, the negatively charged species AuCl4- is attracted by the positively charged DTAC micelles while simultaneously the repulsion of Cu2+ does occur. On the same principle is based the Au/Cu separation based on Cu2+ attraction by negatively charged SDS micelles and repulsion of AuCl4-. The systems considered in this thesis have been subject to the following studies: • Thermodynamic study of the equilibria of ligand protonation in the presence of surfactant. • Study of the ligand partition between the aqueous and micellar phases. • Spectral observations of the metal/ligand interaction, in aqueous solution and in the presence of micelles. • Kinetic studies of the mechanism of metal/ligand complexation, in aqueous solution and in the presence of DTAC and SDS micelles. • Developing of an ultra-filtration process to separate the micellar pseudo phase, containing the extracted metal, from the aqueous phase, i. e setting a LM-MEUF separation process. • Separation of gold and copper from their mixtures by micellar ultrafiltration. • Study of the metal stripping by means of acids and salts addition for metal recovery purposes

Modeling emergency management data by UML as an extension of geographic data sharing model: AST approach

Applying GIS functionality provides a powerful decision support in various application areas and the basis to integrate policies directed to citizens, business, and governments. The focus is changing toward integrating these functions to find optimal solutions to complex problems. As an integral part of this approach, geographic data sharing model for Turkey were developed as a new approach that enables using the data corporately and effectively. General features of this model are object-oriented model, based on ISO/TC211 standards and INSPIRE Data Specifications, describing nationwide unique object identifiers, and defining a mechanism to manage object changes through time. The model is fully described with Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagram. This can be a starting point for geographic data providers in Turkey to create sector models like Emergency Management that has importance because of the increasing number of natural and man-made disasters. In emergency management, this sector model can provide the most appropriate data to many "Actors" that behave as emergency response organizations such as fire and medical departments. Actors work in "Sectors" such as fire department and urban security. Each sector is responsible for "Activities" such as traffic control, fighting dire, emission, and so on. "Tasks" such as registering incident, fire response, and evacuating area are performed by actors and part of activity. These tasks produce information for emergency response and require information based on the base data model. By this way, geographic data models of emergency response are designed and discussed with "Actor-Sector-Activity-Task" classes as an extension of the base model with some cases from Turkey

Stresses in adhesively bonded joints: A closed form solution

The plane strain of adhesively bonded structures which consist of two different orthotropic adherents is considered. Assuming that the thicknesses of the adherends are constant and are small in relation to the lateral dimensions of the bonded region, the adherends are treated as plates. The transverse shear effects in the adherends and the in-plane normal strain in the adhesive are taken into account. The problem is reduced to a system of differential equations for the adhesive stresses which is solved in closed form. A single lap joint and a stiffened plate under various loading conditions are considered as examples. To verify the basic trend of the solutions obtained from the plate theory a sample problem is solved by using the finite element method and by treating the adherends and the adhesive as elastic continua. The plate theory not only predicts the correct trend for the adhesive stresses but also gives rather surprisingly accurate results

Complex adaptive systems theory applied to virtual scientific collaborations: The case of DataONE

This study is the exploration of the emergence of DataONE, a multidisciplinary, multinational, and multi-institutional virtual scientific collaboration to develop a cyberinfrastructure for earth sciences data, from the complex adaptive systems perspective. Data is generated through conducting 15 semi-structured interviews, observing three 3-day meetings, and 51 online surveys. The main contribution of this study is the development of a complexity framework and its application to a project such as DataONE. The findings reveal that DataONE behaves like a complex adaptive system: various individuals and institutions interacting, adapting, and coevolving to achieve their own and common goals; during the process new structures, relationships, and products emerge that harmonize with DataONE’s goals. DataONE is quite resilient to threats and adaptive to its environment, which are important strengths. The strength comes from its diversified structure and balanced management style that allows for frequent interaction among members. The study also offers insights to PI(s), managers, and funding institutions on how to treat complex systems. Additional results regarding multidisiplinarity, library and information sciences, and communication studies are presented as well

Semi-IPN poly AAm-co-MAPTAC -Chitosan Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Their Potential Use as Nitrate Fertilizer Carrier in Agriculture

Poly acrylamido-co-3-methacrylopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride -Chitosan semi-IPN hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization of the monomer acrylamide AAm and the cationic comonomer 3- methacrylo propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride MAPTAC with N,N-methylene bisacrylamide BAAm as the crosslinker in presence of chitosan, which is also cationic natural polymer. The swelling properties were investigated by using gravimetric method, whereas morphological structure and mechanical performance of the hydrogels were identified by employing scanning electron microscopy SEM and uniaxial compression machine, respectively. Potassium nitrate was used as the model fertilizer and its loading and release experiments were carried out with conductimetric measurements. All the results indicated that both cationic MAPTAC units and chitosan were strongly influenced the gel properties from pore structures and swelling properties to nitrate loading and release % values due to the repulsion forces formed between the positive charges in MAPTAC and chitosan, as well as the interaction between these ionic groups and water molecules. The new semi-IPN hydrogels exhibited good slow nitrate release, better swelling and improved mechanical performances in especially some composition . Thus it can be concluded that the new semi-IPN hydrogels have a potential to use them as a nitrate fertilizer carrier. Especially the further investigations performed with A-1M-0.05C hydrogel in soil media revealed that the hydrogel at this combination can be evaluated as one of the promising materials which can be safely used as controlled fertilizer release system.

Fabrication of high aspect ratio (HAR) atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes by one step e-beam lithography and AFM cantilever patterning using grafted monolayer brushes

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows imaging individual atoms where a very sharp tip touches and feels the substrate. Although a regular AFM tip can achieve atomic resolution, it produces false images on substrates with tall and dense features because of the shape and dimensions of the tip. To solve this problem, high aspect ratio (HAR) AFM tips have emerged. However, the HAR AFM tips are often fabricated individually with the need for expensive instruments such as focused ion beam causing low throughput and high cost. In this thesis, several processes are developed for the batch fabrication of HAR AFM tips to reduce the cost and increase the throughput where HAR tips with tip apex diameter down to 9 nm without oxidation sharpening have been obtained by our methods. Moreover, there are cantilever-based devices demanded in a wide range of applications such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Our one-step e-beam lithography technique is capable of forming arbitrary patterns for a variety of applications. Alternatively, a process based on grafting polystyrene monolayer brush has been developed to pattern irregular substrates like cantilevers with e-beam lithography where both negative and positive tone behaviors are obtained under different development conditions. That is, the process enables the fabrication of both recessed and protruded features on both nonflat and very small surfaces. As a result, an AFM cantilever is patterned with high resolution on both top and sidewalls at the same time