A CpG island promoter drives the CXXC5 gene expression

CXXC5 is a member of the zinc-finger CXXC family that binds to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. CXXC5 modulates gene expressions resulting in diverse cellular events mediated by distinct signaling pathways. However, the mechanism responsible for CXXC5 expression remains largely unknown. We found here that of the 14 annotated CXXC5 transcripts with distinct 5 ' untranslated regions encoding the same protein, transcript variant 2 with the highest expression level among variants represents the main transcript in cell models. The DNA segment in and at the immediate 5 '-sequences of the first exon of variant 2 contains a core promoter within which multiple transcription start sites are present. Residing in a region with high G-C nucleotide content and CpG repeats, the core promoter is unmethylated, deficient in nucleosomes, and associated with active RNA polymerase-II. These findings suggest that a CpG island promoter drives CXXC5 expression. Promoter pull-down revealed the association of various transcription factors (TFs) and transcription co-regulatory proteins, as well as proteins involved in histone/chromatin, DNA, and RNA processing with the core promoter. Of the TFs, we verified that ELF1 and MAZ contribute to CXXC5 expression. Moreover, the first exon of variant 2 may contain a G-quadruplex forming region that could modulate CXXC5 expression

Application of British Retail Consortium (BRC) global standards in the production of phyllo

Yufka, yakın zamana kadar evlerde ve küçük işletmelerde el açması olarak saç üzerinde pişirilerek üretilmekteyken, günümüzde modern işletmelerde gelişmiş yufka üretim hatları ile endüstriyel bir gıda ürünü olarak üretilmektedir. Pratik kullanımı ile modern yaşam şartlarıda tüketicilerin oldukça sık tercih ettiği bir ürün olmanın yanı sıra, geleneksel mutfağımız içerisinde yer alan bazı yemeklerin yapımında yarı mamul olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu yoğun talebe yüksek kalitede güvenilir gıda üretmek isteyen endüstriyel yufka üreticisi firmalarda, mevcut gıda güvenliği uygulamalarının yanı sıra uluslararası kalite standartları, hammadde girişinden son ürünün tüketiciye ulaşana kadar geçen süreçlerini kontrol altında tutmak amacıyla uygulanabilmektedir. British Retail Consortium (BRC: İngiliz Perakendeciler Birliği) Global Standardı da uluslararası geçerlilikte ve gıda güvenliğini her aşamada kontrol altında tutmayı hedef alan bir gıda güvenliği sistemidir. Bu çalışma, Bursa ilinde endüstriyel yufka üretimi yapan bir gıda işletmesinde BRC Global Gıda Güvenliği Standardı doküman yapısının anlatılması ve işletme bünyesinde uygulamasıdır.Phyllos are produced as a product of industrial union with advanced yufka production lines in modern facility while it is being produced by baking with hair as a hand opening at home and small enterprises until recently. Practical use and modern living conditions, consumer types, types, types, types, varieties, types and varieties. These high quality standards are produced according to high quality standards. Production standards, raw material entry sunrise, time to reach the consumer can be controlled. The British Retail Consortium (BRC: British Retailer Association) Global Standard provides compliance with international standards and food safety. This study is carried out by a company of industrial enterprises. The BRC Global Food Safety Standard document structure is described and applied in the business environment

A TOG:[alpha][beta]-tubulin complex structure reveals conformation-based mechanisms for a microtubule polymerase

Stu2p/XMAP215/Dis1 family proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulatory factors that use alpha/beta-tubulin-interacting TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains to catalyze fast microtubule growth. Catalysis requires that these polymerases discriminate between unpolymerized and polymerized forms of alpha/beta-tubulin, but how they do so has remained unclear. In this study, we first introduce the polymerization blocked mutants of alpha/beta-tubulins that we developed as unique tools for biochemical studies of alpha/beta-tubulins to avoid the difficulties that has arisen from the self-assembly tendency of tubulins, then we report the structure of the TOG1 domain from Stu2p bound to the plus end polymerization blocked yeast alpha/beta-tubulin we created to facilitate crystallization. Our structure and further biochemical characterizations of the TOG1:alpha/beta-tubulin complex showed that TOG1 binds alpha/beta-tubulin in a way that excludes equivalent binding of a second TOG domain. Furthermore, TOG1 preferentially binds a “curved” conformation of alpha/beta-tubulin that cannot be incorporated into microtubules, contacting α- and β-tubulin surfaces that do not participate in microtubule assembly. Conformation-selective interactions with alpha/beta-tubulin explain how TOG-containing polymerases discriminate between unpolymerized and polymerized forms of alpha/beta-tubulin, and how they selectively recognize the growing end of the microtubule

Estradiol-Estrogen Receptor alpha Mediates the Expression of the CXXC5 Gene through the Estrogen Response Element-Dependent Signaling Pathway

17 beta-estradiol (E2), the primary circulating estrogen hormone, mediates physiological and pathophysiological functions of breast tissue mainly through estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha). Upon binding to E2, ER alpha modulates the expression of target genes involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation primarily through interactions with specific DNA sequences, estrogen response elements (EREs). Our previous microarray results suggested that E2-ER alpha modulates CXXC5 expression. Because of the presence of a zinc-finger CXXC domain (ZF-CXXC), CXXC5 is considered to be a member of the ZF-CXXC family, which binds to non-methylated CpG dinucleotides. Although studies are limited, CXXC5 appears to participate as a transcription factor, co-regulator and/or epigenetic factor in the regulation of cellular events induced by various signaling pathways. However, how signaling pathways mediate the expression of CXXC5 is yet unclear. Due to the importance of E2-ER alpha signaling in breast tissue, changes in the CXXC5 transcription/synthesis could participate in E2-mediated cellular events as well. To address these issues, we initially examined the mechanism whereby E2-ER alpha regulates CXXC5 expression. We show here that CXXC5 is an E2-ER alpha responsive gene regulated by the interaction of E2-ER alpha with an ERE present at a region upstream of the initial translation codon of the gene

The evaluation of ecology-based tourism potential in coastal villages in accordance with landscape values and user demands: the Bursa-Mudanya-Kumyaka case

Ecology-based tourism, which is integrated with nature, developed in environmentally conscious areas and enriched by different cultures, has become more important in the direction of extending tourism throughout the year. While the landscape values of the area are important functions for tourism activities to be carried out in natural characteristics, the preferences of the users are also important. Ecology-based tourism, which develops in connection with the concepts of intacteness, the protection-use balance and sustainability, and the demands and expectations of tourists, constitute the basis of our study. For this purpose, the study was carried out in Kumyaka, a small coastal neighborhood (village) of the county of Mudanya in the province Bursa, Turkey with important natural, historical and cultural assets. Fieldwork, field analysis, literature search, interviews with tourists coming to the field, interviews with the day trippers and survey work were conducted in the study. While evaluating the ecology-based tourism potential of the area, the demands and expectations of tourists have been taken into account together with the available area data. According to the results of the survey, tourists are mostly interested in having the most scenic value and quietness when choosing the area. The types of tourism that tourists most wanted to experience in the field were 42.38% culture tourism and 32.32% nature tourism. As a result of tourists' demands and expectations, the tourism activities to be carried out in accordance with the possibilities of the area were examined and ecology based planning proposals and holistic planning approaches were developed

Species distribution, molecular characteristics and vancomycin resistance gene profiles of Enterococcus sp isolates from farmhouse cheeses in western Turkey

Gencay, Yilmaz Emre/0000-0002-2154-9663WOS: 000330641600012Species distribution, virulence traits and vancomycin resistance gene profiles of Enterococcus isolated from 43 home-made artisan cheese samples collected from open markets, located in Aydin region of Turkey, were investigated. Of the 129 isolates, 95 were identified as Enterococcus sp.; Enterococcus faecium being the most prevalent species (82.1%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (13.6%) and Enterococcus durans (1.0%). None of the enterococci were harbouring vanA or vanC, while seven isolates (7.3%) were shown to harbour vanB gene by multiplex PCR. gelE (49.4%) being the most prevalent virulence factor was followed by asa1 (27.3%), esp (22.1%), cylA (4.2%) and hyl (3.1%)

Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Microlissencephaly Associated with a Novel Variant in the WDR81 Gene

Introduction: Microlissencephaly is a subtype of congenital microcephaly characterized by extreme microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern. Other brain malformations may accompany it. WDR81 encodes a multi-domain transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed in the brain and is thought to play a role in endolysosomal trafficking and autophagy. Methods: We reported two siblings with microlissencephaly born to consanguineous Turkish parents and reviewed all previously reported patients with WDR81 variants presenting with severe microcephaly accompanied by congenital brain malformations. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on both siblings. Sanger DNA sequencing was performed on the patients’ parents. We also examined LC3, p62, and Beclin 1 mRNA and protein expression levels from blood samples of both siblings using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel biallelic c.4157+5G>A splice variant in the WDR81 gene in both siblings. In our study, LC3, p62, and Beclin 1 mRNA expression levels were high, LC3 protein expression level was also high and p62 and Beclin 1 protein expression levels were low. Conclusion: High LC3 and low p62 protein expression levels supported studies concluding that WDR81 inhibits autophagy through PI3KC3 inhibition, while low Beclin 1 protein expression level supported studies concluding that autophagy is suppressed in case of loss of function variants in the WDR81 gene. We suggest that due to its role in endolysosomal trafficking, WDR81-related diseases should be included in vesicular trafficking disorders