Recovery of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Ova from Diaper of Female Child

Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) is always a problem in developingand under developed countries. Children are mostly prone to STH intropical and non-tropical countries including Pakistan. We have observed ova of Ascaris and some non-descriptive objects in the parasitological examination of the fecal material of infant collected from diaper

Factors affecting wool quality and quantity in sheep

There are varieties of factors which can affect wool (macro and micro elements of wool) in sheep directly or indirectly. Genetic and environmental factors are major factors influencing wool quality and quantity. There are some bacterial, viral, fungal and espically parasitic diseases which also affect the wool. Other factors are exogenous chemicals, hormones, weather and photo period. In the present study, existing knowledge on the factors affecting wool were reviewed but there are gaps to conduct research on fundamental aspects of wool growth, which could have relevance to other areas of biology.Keywords: Wool quality, staple length, ultra high-sulphur proteins, fleec

Goat Immunity to Helminthes

Goat hematology, especially, shares considerable attention since the last 1980s. Large number of discrepant normal hematologic values is reported. The discrepancies resulted came from the differences in age group, breed, and health standing of goats. This makes it further complex with variances in climate of the region, its environment, and size and methodology applied. With time, many inconsistencies, reasonably standardization in normal caprine kinetic hematologic values, are in place. Both goats and sheep are infested by the same key digestive tract helminthes (DTHs) diseases. Helminthes are exceedingly ubiquitous worm parasites that progressed to adopt with many erudite means to evade host immune system

TOXOCARA VITULORUM INFESTATION AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALO AT MULTAN DISTRICT, PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT: Toxocara (T) vitulorum is a nematode, which residues in the small intestines o

Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics

Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT parasites and various models to predict the status of health in animals

SUCCESSFUL REPAIR OF METACARPAL FRACTURE IN A BUFFALO USING A NOVEL GADGET

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SUCCESSFUL SURGICAL CORRECTION OF SUBLINGUAL FISTULA IN A SHE BUFFALO

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Band structure features, chemical bonding and optical properties of Zn3X2 (X= N, P, As) compounds

V této studii jsme ukázali strukturální, elektronické a optické chování sloučenin Zn3X2 (X = N, P, As) pomocí metody highly accurate all electrons full potential linearized augmented plane wave v teorii funkční hustoty. V souladu s experimentálně naměřenými hodnotami jsou nalezeny mřížkové parametry kubického Zn3N2 (prostorová skupina Ia3), Zn3P2 a Zn3As2 (prostorová skupina Pn-3m) a tetragonální Zn3P2 a Zn3As2 (prostorová skupina P42 / nmc). Zn3N2 je přímý polovodič. Dále bylo zjištěno, že Zn3P2 a Zn3As2 jsou kovové v kubické, zatímco polovodivé v tetragonální symetrii. Jsou také vypočítány optické vlastnosti jako reálná a imaginární část dielektrické funkce, indexy lomu, koeficient extinkce, optická vodivost, koeficient absorpce a odrazivost těchto sloučenin. Přímá rozptylová charakteristika sloučenin ukazuje jejich optickou aktivitu v blízké infračervené, viditelné a nízkofrekvenční ultrafialové energii. Proto jsou tyto materiály užitečné pro optoelektronické aplikace.In this study, we report the structural, electronic and optical behavior of Zn3X2 (X= N, P, As) compounds by using highly accurate all electrons full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the density functional theory. The lattice parameters of cubic Zn3N2 (space group Ia3), Zn3P2 and Zn3As2 (space group Pn-3m) and tetragonal Zn3P2 and Zn3As2 (space group P42/nmc) are found in accordance to the experimentally measured values. Zn3N2 is direct bandgap semiconductor. Further, it is found that Zn3P2 and Zn3As2 are metallic in cubic, while semiconducting in the tetragonal symmetry. The optical properties like real and imaginary part of dielectric function, refractive indices, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, absorption coefficient and reflectivity of these compounds are also calculated. The direct bandgap nature of the compounds shows their optical activity in the near infrared, visible and low frequency ultraviolet energy. Therefore, these materials are useful for the optoelectronic applications

Echo of the Cannons ? Economic Impact of the Ukraine War on Pakistan -A macro-Micro Simulation Analysis

The 2022 Ukraine conflict has contributed to a major spike in international commodity prices. In this study, we design a top-down, macro-micro simulation analysis to focus on the price shock due to four major commodities, namely wheat, vegetable oil, petroleum, and fertilizers. We combine Computable General Equilibrium simulations with household survey data from the Pakistan Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) 2018-19 to estimate macro-and microeconomic impact of the global commodity crisis. We come up with evidence for a significant, non-negligible negative impact of the price shock, both at the aggregate and the household level. The real GDP shrinks and households real consumption and income decrease. The drop in consumption and income is more visible among farm households, with the two falling by 5% and 3.48% respectively. In the same vein, the $3.2 headcount poverty rate at the 2018 purchasing power parity increases by 1.15$1.9 poverty rate. The drop in consumption and income appears to be proportionally greater among the lower and middle-income households than those at the bottom of the income distribution. This is reflected in a slight drop in overall income inequality. Besides, while the increase in headcount poverty is greater among farm households, it is the urban households which show the worst decline in food security, both in terms of incidence and intensity of food insecurity. This set of results underscores the vulnerability of Pakistani households to surge in commodity prices. The role of petrol prices in driving poverty among rural farm households and that of food stuff (wheat and vegetable oil prices) in aggravating urban food security is particularly evident