Agricultural extension for promoting citrus fruit growers’ innovation and profitability in Mexico

El citricultor presenta una adopción baja de innovaciones, lo que contribuye a que sus ingresos y rentabilidad sean menores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue aplicar técnicas de capacitación y extensión andragógicas a un universo de 150 citricultores de cinco comunidades de Veracruz, México, para que mejoraran la adopción de innovaciones sociales y tecnológicas, su ingreso y su rentabilidad. El porcentaje de adopción de innovaciones (PAI) se calculó mediante la siguiente ecuación: PAI = n/N ×100, donde n fue el número de innovaciones adoptadas por el productor y N el número total de innovaciones disponibles en el paquete tecnológico. En el 2012 se aplicaron dos encuestas iniciales: la social y la tecnológica, que revelaron que había una desarticulación significativa en las redes de innovación, sobre todo en las relaciones profundas, y poco uso de innovaciones tecnológicas. Después de la capacitación y extensión andragógicas, se logró una mayor articulación, que se reflejó en enlaces más numerosos y sólidos, más nodos y mayor densidad, en especial en el nivel de confianza, lo que contribuyó a consolidar las redes sociales para el 2014. La categoría tecnológica más adoptada fue el manejo de la fertilización. Con la finalidad de cuantificar la permanencia de la adopción de innovaciones, se aplicó una encuesta en 2016. Se concluye que la intervención social y tecnológica, implementada con capacitación y extensionismo andragógicos, permitió mejorar el rendimiento de las huertas en más del 50 %, aumentar los ingresos de los productores de cítricos 4,5 veces más y consolidar grupos de trabajo y la permanencia de las innovaciones.The citrus fruit grower has hardly adopted innovations, resulting in reduced income and profitability. This study aims to apply andragogic training and extension techniques to a group of 150 citrus fruit growers from five different communities in Veracruz, Mexico, to improve the adoption of social and technological innovations, their income, and profitability. The percentage of adoption of innovations (PAI) was calculated using the equation: PAI = n/N × 100, where n was the number of innovations adopted by the grower and N the total number of innovations available in the technological package. Two previous surveys, social and technological, were conducted in 2012 and revealed a significant lack of coordination in innovation networks, mainly in deep relationships, and little use of technological innovations. After the andragogic training and extension, better coordination was achieved, reflected in numerous and robust links, more nodes, and higher density, especially at the level of trust, contributing to consolidating social networks for 2014. The most adopted technological category was fertilization management. A survey was conducted in 2016 to quantify the permanence of the adoption of innovations. We conclude that social and technological intervention through andragogic training and extension improved the yield of orchards by more than 50 %, increased the income of citrus fruit growers 4.5 times, and consolidated workgroups and the permanence of innovations

Factores que influyen en la adopción de innovaciones en productores de naranja en Ãlamo, Veracruz

In Veracruz, the yields per surface unit have been practically stable for more than 34 years and when the factors that influence this were determined, it was found that a deficient adoption of innovations is the most important issue. With the aim of improving this adoption, an initial baseline survey was applied to 100 citrus producers from ten localities. Later, integral extension work was provided for one year through the use of monitoring logbooks and at the end, the final baseline survey was applied. An increase of 30.5 % in average was attained in the adoption of technological innovations, since fertilization and control of pests and diseases were improved. To determine the factors that influence the adoption of innovations, simple regression models were generated, using as dependent variable the increase in the innovation adoption index and as independent variables the specific attributes of the producer and his production units. The factor that had significant correlation with the innovation adoption index was the income of the producer. Factors such as age, years of experience and schooling did not influence decision making for the adoption of technologies.En Veracruz, los rendimientos por unidad de superficie se han mantenido prácticamente estables por más de 34 años y al determinar los factores que influyen en esto se encontró que ladeficiente adopción de innovaciones es lo más importante. Con la finalidad de mejorar dicha adopción se aplicó una encuesta de línea base inicial a 100 citricultores de diez localidades. Posteriormente se brindó extensionismo integral durante un año mediante el uso de bitácoras de seguimiento y al terminar se aplicó la encuesta de línea base final. Se logró incrementar laadopción de innovaciones tecnológicas en 30.5 % en promedio, ya que se mejoraron la fertilización y control de plagas y enfermedades, principalmente. Para determinar factores queinfluyen en la adopción de innovaciones se generaron modelos de regresión simple, utilizando como variable dependiente el incremento en el índice de adopción de innovaciones y comovariables independientes los atributos específicos del productor y de sus unidades de producción. El factor que tuvo correlación significativa con el índice de adopción de innovaciones fue elingreso del productor. Los factores como edad, años de experiencia y escolaridad no influyeron en la toma de decisiones para adoptar tecnologías

Estimation of fig (Ficus carica L.) yield in fertigation using linear regression

Objective: To estimate fungus yield by using linear regression in fer-tirriego under the conditions of the mixteca poblana. Design/methodology/approach: The plants were established in 10 L. black polyethylene bags, pine sawdust was used as a substrate. The treatments consisted of 6 variations of the nutrient solution: 1.52 mgL-1 of potassium nitrate, 0.08 mlL-1 of phosphoric acid, 0.38 mgL-1 and magnesium sulfate. A completely randomized experimental design was used. Plant height, number of fruits per plant and growth rate (cm day-1) were determined. Linear regression analysis was performed with the levels of nutrient solution and orthogonal contrasts, through the statistical software SAS® On Demand for Academics. Results: The linear model does describe the behavior of the data with an alpha of 0.01. The 60% level of the nutrient solution has a greater effect on growth and highly significant differences in the rate of increase in plant height and plant height. Limitations on study/implications: The study includes preliminary results, which is why a longer period in data collection is considered, as well as the incorporation of variables such as yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium in plant tissue. Findings/conclusions: The application of a linear model allows the estimation of plant growth expressed as height. At 50 days after the experiment was established, an increasing linear behavior in height is observed with respect to the levels studied. There are highly significant differences between the 60% dose in relation to the rest of the treatments.Objective: To estimate the fig (Ficus carica L.) yield in fertigation, through the use of linear regression, under the conditions of the Mixteca region of Puebla. Design/Methodology/Approach: The plants were established in 10-L black polyethylene bags, using pine sawdust as a substrate. The treatments consisted of 6 variations of the following nutrient solution: 1.52 mg L-1 of potassium nitrate, 0.08 mL L-1 of phosphoric acid, and 0.38 mg L-1 of magnesium sulfate. Plant height, number of fruits per plant, and growth speed (cm day-1) were determined. A completely randomized experimental design was used and the levels of nutrient solution and orthogonal contrasts were subjected to a linear regression analysis, through the SAS® On Demand for Academics statistical package. Results: The linear model describes the behavior of the data with an alpha of 0.01. A 60% nutrient solution level has a greater effect on growth and generates highly significant differences in both the plant height increase rate and plant height variables. Study Limitations/Implications: This study includes only preliminary results; therefore, a longer period is necessary for data collection. Additionally, the following variables must also be included: yield and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium in plant tissue. Findings/Conclusions: Plant growth (height) can be estimated through the application of a linear model. An increasing linear behavior was observed in height with respect to the levels determined 50 days after the experiment was established. There are highly significant differences between the 60% dose and the rest of the treatments

Amaranth production in Tulyehualco Xochimilco, Mexico City

During 2010-2019 amaranth has been cultivated in at least 11 states in Mexico, in Mexico City is grown in the municipalities of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta and Tláhuac, highlighting Xochimilco for harvested area and production with 82.9 ha and 91.7 t which represents 60.4% and 55.6% respectively. The objective of the research is to know the form of production and commercialization of amaranth in Tulyehualco, Xochimilco to identify and propose improvement actions. The information was obtained through the application of a survey through a non-probability sampling for convenience, with the criterion of selection of individuals who were willing to be surveyed, and the survey was applied from September to December 2019, to 35 producers, 3 marketers and 4 transformers. The production of amaranth is carried out in two ways, by means of chapin and directly, by its traditional way of producing it the crop is ancestral in those areas, so there is a millenary knowledge of the families that are dedicated to the planting of the crop. Amaranth production has a positive cost benefit ratio R (B / C), however in direct sowing production this is better. Planting with a seedbed (Chapin) has higher costs and yield, however, this does not compensate the producer in profits. For a potential impact at the amaranth production level, the adoption of technologies related to density, nutrition and technical recommendations for pest and disease control.Objective: To know the form of production and commercialization of amaranth in Tulyehualco, Xochimilco, to identify and propose improvement actions. Methodology: During 2010-2019, amaranth was cultivated in at least 11 states in Mexico, while in Mexico City it is grown in the municipalities of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta and Tláhuac. Xochimilco stands out due to harvested area and production, with 82.9 ha and 91.7 t which represents 60.4% and 55.6% respectively. The information was obtained through the application of a survey through non-probability sampling for convenience, with the selection criterion of individuals who were willing to be surveyed, and the survey was applied from September to December 2019, to n=35 producers, n=3 marketers and n=4 transformers. Amaranth production is carried out in two ways, by means of chapin and directly, and due to its traditional way of producing the crop is ancestral in those areas, so there is a millenary knowledge of the families that are dedicated to planting the crop. Results: Amaranth production has a positive cost benefit ratio R (B / C) although production is better in direct sowing. Planting with a seedbed (Chapin) has higher costs and yield, however, this does not compensate the producer in profits. Conclusions: For a potential impact at the level of amaranth production, the adoption of technologies related to density, nutrition and technical recommendations for pest and disease control is necessar

La competitividad del frijol en México

A pesar de la pérdida en la producción de frijol, los productores continúan sembrando, pues no consideran el costo de oportunidad de su mano de obra, la tierra, y la depreciación de su maquinaria. Una probable explicación sobre la permanencia del cultivo, es que el apoyo de Procampo impacta en la rentabilidad de la actividad. Pero ante esta situación, surge la pregunta de si esto se podrá mantener ante la amenaza que representa la competencia con los productores de Estados Unidos, sobre todo a partir del año 2008, cuando el frijol quedará libre de gravamen y podrá importarse libremente, y además está la conclusión de Procampo, que también será en el 2008

Liberalización comercial del sector agropecuario de México: Competitividad del Frijol

The objective of this research was to find Mexico's bean competitveness level under free market conditions compared to the U.S. This research found a negative revealed competitiveness due to overvalued peso level that favors imports and protection measures under NAFTA were ineffective because the tariffs were not applied. The formation of farmer's organization was able to achieve market scale economies, although consolidation is needed. A field study at the Chihuahua state was made to explain the micro level. High production costs (higher than in U.S.) were found, related to low production.vO objectivo da presente investigação é analisar a competitividade e a rentabilidade da produção de feijão no México, de forma mais abrangente entre este país e os EUA no período de 1961 e 2008 e mais particular no estado de Chihuahua em 2005. Determinou-se que o México tem uma competitividade revelada negativa, devido ao tipo de câmbio sobrevalorizado que favorece as importações. Por outro lado, a protecção prevista no Tratado de Livre Comércio da América do Norte (NAFTA, North American Free Trade Agreement) não teve qualquer efeito, uma vez que não foram aplicadas as pautas aduaneiras. A formação de organizações favoreceu os produtores, que conseguiram criar economias de escala. No estado de Chihuahua verificou-se que os custos unitários de produção são elevados e os rendimentos baixos, o que resulta numa menor rentabilidade em comparação aos EUA. A perda de rentabilidade no México, aliada à desregulação do mercado, faz com que a produção de feijão perca cada vez mais competitividade face à produção norte-americana, o principal parceiro comercial do MéxicoEsta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la competitividad del frijol mexicano, a nivel macro entre México y Estados Unidos, 1961 - 2008 y a nivel micro en el estado de Chihuahua, 2005. Se encontró que México tiene una competitividad revelada negativa, debido al tipo de cambio sobrevaluado que favorece las importaciones. La protección prevista en el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, quedó sin efecto, al omitirse el pago de aranceles. La formación de organizaciones favorece a los productores, que logran crear economías de escala. En Chihuahua, se observó que los costos de producción unitarios son elevados y los rendimientos bajos, lo que repercute en una menor rentabilidad en comparación con Estados Unidos. La pérdida de rentabilidad en México, aunado a la desregulación del mercado, ocasiona que el frijol pierda competitividad en relación a EE.U

Extensión agrícola para la promoción dela innovación ylarentabilidad de los citricultoresen México

The citrus fruit grower has hardly adopted innovations, resulting in reduced income and profitability. This study aims to apply andragogic training and extension techniques to a group of 150 citrus fruit growers from five different communities in Veracruz,Mexico, to improve the adoption of social and technological innovations, their income, and profitability. The percentage of adoption of innovations (PAI) was calculated using the equation: PAI = n/N ×100, where nwas the number of innovations adopted by the grower and Nthe total number of innovations available in the technological package. Two previous surveys, social and technological, were conducted in 2012 and revealed a significant lack of coordination in innovation networks, mainly in deep relationships, and little use of technological innovations. After the andragogic training and extension, better coordination was achieved, reflected in numerous and robust links, more nodes, and higher density, especially at the level of trust, contributing to consolidating social networks for 2014. The most adopted technological category was fertilization management. A survey was conducted in 2016 to quantify the permanence of the adoption of innovations. We conclude that social and technological intervention through andragogic training and extension improved the yield of orchards by more than 50%, increased the income of citrus fruit growers 4.5 times, and consolidated workgroups and the permanence of innovations.El citricultor presenta una adopción baja de innovaciones, lo que contribuye a que sus ingresos y rentabilidad sean menores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue aplicar técnicas de capacitación y extensión andragógicas a un universo de 150 citricultoresde cinco comunidades de Veracruz, México, para que mejoraran la adopción de innovaciones sociales y tecnológicas, su ingreso y su rentabilidad. El porcentaje de adopción de innovaciones (PAI) se calculó mediante la siguiente ecuación: PAI = n/N×100, donde nfue el número de innovaciones adoptadas por el productor y Nel número total de innovaciones disponibles en el paquete tecnológico. En el 2012se aplicaron dos encuestas iniciales: la social y la tecnológica, que revelaron que había una desarticulación significativa en las redes de innovación, sobre todo en las relaciones profundas, y poco uso de innovaciones tecnológicas. Después de la capacitación y extensión andragógicas, se logró una mayor articulación, que se reflejó en enlaces más numerosos y sólidos, más nodos y mayor densidad, en especial en el nivel de confianza, lo que contribuyó a consolidar las redes sociales parael2014. La categoría tecnológica más adoptada fue el manejo de la fertilización. Con la finalidad de cuantificar la permanencia de la adopción de innovaciones, se aplicó una encuesta en 2016. Se concluye que la intervención social y tecnológica, implementada con capacitación y extensionismo andragógicos, permitió mejorar el rendimiento de las huertas en más del 50%, aumentar los ingresos de los productores de cítricos 4,5 veces más y consolidar grupos de trabajo y la permanencia de las innovaciones

Intención de compra del consumidor organizacional de chile regional en el Estado de Puebla, México.

Chili pepper production in the state of Puebla faces difficulties and for its permanence depends, among other things, on competing effectively in the market, where the information of the value chain is crucial to generate options for commercialization. The objective of this study was to understand the purchasing intention and conduct of the organizational consumer to satisfy its needs for chili with regional production. A survey was applied to 36 industrial consumers to determine their purchasing intention and closed questions were set out to understand their purchasing conduct. A reliability analysis was performed, contingency tables were made, and a Spearman correlation. The chili peppers of highest consumption were jalapeño, chipotle and serrano. The characteristics of greatest importance for consumers were freshness, absence of strange material and no physical damage. The local wholesale market is the main purchasing site of micro- and small-scale businesses, while large-scale businesses are supplied by a national network. It was determined that there is a positive purchasing intention for regional chili, as long as the conditions of competitive price, quality of the fruit, and fiscal aspects are fulfilled.La producción de chile en el estado de Puebla enfrenta dificultades para su permanencia depende, entre otras cosas, competir eficazmente en el mercado, donde la información de la cadena de valor es crucial para generar opciones para la comercialización. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la intención y conducta de compra del consumidor organizacional para satisfacer sus necesidades de chile con la producción regional. Se aplicó una encuesta a 36 consumidores industriales para determinar su intención de compra y se plantearon preguntas cerradas para conocer su conducta de compra. Se realizó un análisis de fiabilidad, se hicieron tablas de contingencia y una correlación de Spearman. Los chiles de mayor consumo fueron el jalapeño, el chipotle y el serrano. Las características de mayor importancia para los consumidores fueron la frescura, la ausencia de material extraño y que no tenga daño físico. La central de abasto local es el principal sitio de compra de la micro y pequeña empresa, mientras que la gran empresa se abastece de una red nacional. Se determinó que existe una intención positiva de compra de chile regional, siempre y cuando se cumplan las condiciones de precio competitivo, calidad del fruto y aspectos fiscales